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Kyoto and Beyond : Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate Change

Kyoto and Beyond : Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate Change. Updated September 8, 2009 ISCIENCES, LLC. The Kyoto Protocol Past, Present, and Future. 1. The Kyoto Protocol: What is it?. 2. Pre-Kyoto Entry into Force 1970s-1980s. 3. Pre-Kyoto Entry into Force 1990s-2005.

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Kyoto and Beyond : Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate Change

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  1. Kyoto and Beyond:Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate Change Updated September 8, 2009 ISCIENCES, LLC

  2. The Kyoto Protocol Past, Present, and Future 1. The Kyoto Protocol: What is it? 2. Pre-Kyoto Entry into Force 1970s-1980s 3. Pre-Kyoto Entry into Force 1990s-2005 4. Kyoto 2005-2008 5. 2009 and Beyond

  3. What is the Kyoto Protocol? • A multilateral environmental agreement with the goal of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. • Developed countries are assigned limits on emissions relative to 1990 levels. Targets vary by nation. First commitment period is 2008-2012. (Target status). • The Protocol has “Flexibility Mechanisms” for meeting targets: emissions trading and Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM).

  4. Essential Points of Understanding • The United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty drafted to deal with climate change. The Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding addition to the UNFCCC. • Signatories to the Protocol (84 countries) agree to the ideas and goals. Countries who have ratified (nearly all except the US) are bound by its requirements. • Signatories are categorized into three groups based on their responsibilities: - Annex I: Industrialized countries that have agreed to reduce emissions. - Annex II: Developed countries who have to pay for the costs of the emissions reducing technologies of Developing countries. - Non-annex: Developing countries who are not restricted by the Protocol. • Although the Protocol is binding, there are no penalties if Annex I countries do not comply. • China and India, non-annex countries not bound by the Protocol, are some of the world’s top emitters.

  5. Ratification Status as of December 2007 http://www.green.vn/trading.htm6/13/2008 Ratification means that the countries agree to abide by the obligations stated in the Protocol. Ratification is open to all signatories regardless of whether they are Annex I, Annex II, or Developing countries.

  6. Total CO2 Emissions in 2001 ISCIENCES LLC The Top Ten Carbon Emitters of 2001

  7. The Stages of the Kyoto Protocol 1970s-1980s 1990s-2005 2005-2008 2008-2050 More attention being paid to the environment. Several multilateral environmental agreements are implemented, beginning with the Ramsar Convention. The UNFCCC is drafted. There is an increase in environmental initiatives and the Kyoto Protocol is formulated. The Protocol enters into force in 2005. The Protocolenters into force,but problems occur as countries revealthey cannot meetrequirements. Discussions beginon a post-2012framework despitesome opposition. Meetings concerning thefuture of theProtocol and alternatives will take place. Also,rising temperature threats that scientists have already predictedmay occur.

  8. Pre-Kyoto entry into force: 1970s-1980s • Multilateral environmental agreements begin to proliferate, culminating in agreements like Ramsar Convention (1971) and LRTAP (1979). • Decadal meetings are established which include an international discussion of the state of the world’s environment. These meetings are informally known as “summit meetings.” • Important environmental reports are published. One of the major successes is the Brundtland Report (1987) which advocates sustainable development and targets pollution and other environmental problems as a significant contributing factor to poverty.

  9. Pre-Kyoto 1970s-1980s ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

  10. Pre-Kyoto Entry into Force: 1990s-2005 • The UNFCCC (1992) is drafted marking a significant period during which a collective international decision is made for countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. There are discussions about a binding framework that should be formulated, which would later become the Kyoto Protocol. • The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is formulated and opened for signing. It takes years for enough countries to sign the Protocol and enable it to enter into force. • Decadal meetings continue to take place and the IPCC releases three reports that warn about the negative effects of climate change.

  11. Pre-Kyoto 1990s-2005 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

  12. Kyoto Protocol 2005-2008 • Problems with the Protocol revealed as countries realized it would not be possible to meet their reduction targets. • Despite some opposition, work proceeded on the development of a post-2012 framework.

  13. Kyoto Protocol 2005-2008 ? ! ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? !

  14. 2009 and Beyond • One more Conferences of Parties has been set up for 2009 with established discussion topics centered on finding an international response to climate change. • Developing countries may be required to reduce emissions for the second commitment period of the Protocol, 2013-2017. • Emissions reduction goals have been set by various organizations and conventions. The goal set by the Kyoto Protocol is for emissions reductions of 5.2% below 1990 levels. • The IPCC has projected a threat of a 60% increase in greenhouse gas emissions levels by 2030. • Scientists in the IPCC believe a 60%-80% emission reduction by 2050 is vital to avoid problems caused by rising temperatures.

  15. 2009 and Beyond ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

  16. Supporting Documents 1970s-1980s 1990s-2005 2005-2008 2008-2050 Ramsar ConventionFirst Earth SummitLRTAP ConventionVienna ConventionMontreal ProtocolBasel ConventionBrundtland Report Agenda 21 Rio Declaration Forest Principles Convention on Biological Diversity UNFCCC DraftIPCC 2nd Report First COPSecond COPThird COPFourth COPFifth COP Sixth COPSeventh COPMarrakech AccordsEleventh COP Twelfth COPBali Meetings on Climate ChangeGAO Report on Climate ChangeAccra Meetings on Climate Change Climate Change GoalsKyoto Past and Future

  17. References "Accra talks bode well for future climate change negotiations." UN News Centre. 27 Aug. 2008. UN News Service. 30 Sept. 2008 http://http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsid=27846&cr=climate+change&cr1 "Action on Climate Change Post 2012." 3 June 2008 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/background_paper.pdf. "A New Era Starts." 2005. UNEP. http://www.vitalgraphics.net/climate2.cfm?pageID=12. "Background Information." 2006. United Nations Climate Change Conference. http://www.mos.gov.pl/cop14/eng/info.shtml. "Bali Preparing the After-Kyoto." 3 Dec. 2007. PIME. http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=10951. Basel Convention. Secretariat of the Basel Convention. 3 June 2008 http://www.basel.int/convention/basics.html. “Climate Change Science” http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/futureac.html Clover, Charles. "IPCC 4th Report: Climate Change Happening Faster." Telegraph.co.uk. 18 Sept. 2007.Telegraph Media Group Limited.23 Sept. 2008 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2007/09/18/eaipcc118.xml. "COP15 Copenhagen 2009." United Nations Climate Change Conference. 3 June 2008 http://www.cop15.dk/en. Dufresne, Robert. "Kyoto Protocol Implementation Act." Publications List. 27 Nov. 2007. Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0740-e.htm#enactmen "Earth Summit History." Greenpeace. 9 June 2008 http://archive.greenpeace.org/earthsummit/background_history.html. "Earth Summit Info." 9 June 2008 http://www.earthsummit.info/. Goetze, Darren. "COP-5 in Bonn." Nov. 1999. Sound Science Initiative. http://www.ucsusa.org/ssi/archive/fifth-conference-of-the-parties-cop5.html. IISD. 2006. http://www.iisd.ca/ymb/ctiijs/. "IPCC Third Assessment Report." Solving Global Warming. 2007. The David Suzuki Foundation. 19 Sept. 2008 http://www.davidsuzuki.org/climate_change/science/ipcc/tar/ Kyoto Protocol. Team Kyoto 06. 3 June 2008 http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/02003/3timeline.html. McCarthy, Michael. "Bush declares he won't sign Kyoto's landmark treaty on global warming." The Independent. 29 Mar. 2001.The Independent.21 Oct. 2008 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bush-declares-he-wont-sign-kyotos-landmark-treaty-on-global-warming-689360.html News on the Kyoto Protocol. 30 May 2008. INDECO. http://indeco.com/kyoto. "Ozone Layer Depletion." 23 Nov. 2007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/index.html. Shah, Anup. Climate Change and Global Warming. 29 Dec. 2005. http://www.globalissues.org/EnvIssues/GlobalWarming/Montreal.asp. "Sound Science Initiative." 11 Aug. 2005. http://www.ucsusa.org/ssi/archive/fifth-conference-of-the-parties-cop5.html. "The Kyoto Protocol." 2008. The Woods Hole Research Center. http://www.whrc.org/resources/online_publications/warming_earth/kyoto.htm "The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands." The Ramsar Convention Secretariat. 3 June 2008 http://www.ramsar.org/ "Top Emitters Meet in Paris this Week." Daily News. 16 Apr. 2008. Energy Saving Trust. 23 Sept. 2008 http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/resources/daily_news/climate_change/top_emitters_to_meet_in_paris_this_week/(energysavingtrust)/22190. UNECE. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 3 June 2008 http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/lrtap_h1.htm UNFCCC. 2008. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. http://unfccc.int/2860.php "United Nations Climate Change Conference." World Resources Institute. 3 June 2008 http://www.wri.org/event/2008/12/cop-14

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