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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Individual and Market Demand. Topics to be Discussed. Individual Demand Income and Substitution Effects Market Demand Consumer Surplus Network Externalities Empirical Estimation of Demand. Individual Demand. Price Changes

stephen-maldonado
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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Individual and Market Demand

  2. Topics to be Discussed • Individual Demand • Income and Substitution Effects • Market Demand • Consumer Surplus • Network Externalities • Empirical Estimation of Demand Chapter 4

  3. Individual Demand • Price Changes • Using the figures developed in the previous chapter, the impact of a change in the price of food can be illustrated using indifference curves. Chapter 4

  4. Assume: • I = $20 • PC = $2 • PF = $2, $1, $.50 10 6 A U1 D 5 Three separate indifference curves are tangent to each budget line. B 4 U3 U2 4 12 20 Effect of a Price Change Clothing (units per month) Food (units per month) Chapter 4

  5. Effect of a Price Change The price-consumption curve traces out the utility maximizing market basket for the various prices for food. Clothing (units per month) 6 A Price-Consumption Curve U1 D 5 B 4 U3 U2 Food (units per month) 4 12 20 Chapter 4

  6. Individual Demand relates the quantity of a good that a consumer will buy to the price of that good. E $2.00 G $1.00 Demand Curve $.50 H 4 12 20 Effect of a Price Change Price of Food Food (units per month) Chapter 4

  7. Individual Demand The Individual Demand Curve • Two Important Properties of Demand Curves 1) The level of utility that can be attained changes as we move along the curve. Chapter 4

  8. Individual Demand The Individual Demand Curve • Two Important Properties of Demand Curves 2) At every point on the demand curve, the consumer is maximizing utility by satisfying the condition that the MRS of food for clothing equals the ratio of the prices of food and clothing. Chapter 4

  9. When the price falls: Pf/Pc & MRS also fall E $2.00 • E: Pf/Pc = 2/2 = 1 = MRS • G: Pf/Pc = 1/2 = .5 = MRS • H:Pf/Pc = .5/2 = .25 = MRS G $1.00 Demand Curve $.50 H 4 12 20 Effect of a Price Change Price of Food Food (units per month) Chapter 4

  10. Individual Demand • Income Changes • Using the figures developed in the previous chapter, the impact of a change in the income can be illustrated using indifference curves. Chapter 4

  11. Income-Consumption Curve 7 D U3 5 U2 B 3 U1 A 4 10 16 Effects of Income Changes Clothing (units per month) Assume: Pf = $1 Pc = $2 I = $10, $20, $30 An increase in income, with the prices fixed, causes consumers to alter their choice of market basket. Food (units per month) Chapter 4

  12. E G H $1.00 D3 D2 D1 4 10 16 Effects of Income Changes Price of food An increase in income, from $10 to $20 to $30, with the prices fixed, shifts the consumer’s demand curve to the right. Food (units per month) Chapter 4

  13. Individual Demand • Income Changes • The income-consumption curve traces out the utility-maximizing combinations of food and clothing associated with every income level. Chapter 4

  14. Individual Demand • Income Changes • An increase in income shifts the budget line to the right, increasing consumption along the income-consumption curve. • Simultaneously, the increase in income shifts the demand curve to the right. Chapter 4

  15. Individual Demand Normal Good vs. Inferior Good • Income Changes • When the income-consumption curve has a positive slope: • The quantity demanded increases with income. • The income elasticity of demand is positive. • The good is a normal good. Chapter 4

  16. Individual Demand Normal Good vs. Inferior Good • Income Changes • When the income-consumption curve has a negative slope: • The quantity demanded decreases with income. • The income elasticity of demand is negative. • The good is an inferior good. Chapter 4

  17. 15 Income-Consumption Curve Both hamburger and steak behave as a normal good, between A and B... C 10 U3 …but hamburger becomes an inferior good when the income consumption curve bends backward between B and C. B 5 U2 A U1 5 10 20 30 An Inferior Good Steak (units per month) Hamburger (units per month) Chapter 4

  18. Individual Demand • Engel Curves • Engel curves relate the quantity of good consumed to income. • If the good is a normal good, the Engel curve is upward sloping. • If the good is an inferior good, the Engel curve is downward sloping. Chapter 4

  19. Engel curves slope upward for normal goods. Engel Curves Income ($ per month) 30 20 10 Food (units per month) 0 4 8 12 16 Chapter 4

  20. Inferior Engel curves slope backward bending for inferior goods. Normal Engel Curves Income ($ per month) 30 20 10 Food (units per month) 0 4 8 12 16 Chapter 4

  21. Individual Demand Substitutes and Complements 1) Two goods are considered substitutes if an increase (decrease) in the price of one leads to an increase (decrease) in the quantity demanded of the other. • e.g. movie tickets and video rentals Chapter 4

  22. Individual Demand Substitutes and Complements 2) Two goods are considered complements if an increase (decrease) in the price of one leads to a decrease (increase) in the quantity demanded of the other. • e.g. gasoline and motor oil Chapter 4

  23. Individual Demand Substitutes and Complements 3) Two goods are independent when a change in the price of one good has no effect on the quantity demanded of the other Chapter 4

  24. Income and Substitution Effects • A fall in the price of a good has two effects: Substitution & Income • Substitution Effect • Consumers will tend to buy more of the good that has become relatively cheaper, and less of the good that is now relatively more expensive. Chapter 4

  25. Income and Substitution Effects • A fall in the price of a good has two effects: Substitution & Income • Income Effect • Consumers experience an increase in real purchasing power when the price of one good falls, thus increasing consumption. Chapter 4

  26. Income and Substitution Effects • Substitution Effect • The substitution effect is the change in an item’s consumption associated with a change in the price of the item, with the level of utility held constant. • When the price of an item declines, the substitution effect always leads to an increase in the quantity of the item demanded. Chapter 4

  27. Income and Substitution Effects • Income Effect • The income effect is the change in an item’s consumption brought about by the increase in purchasing power, with the price of the item held constant. • When a person’s income increases, the quantity demanded for the product may increase or decrease. Chapter 4

  28. Income and Substitution Effects • Income Effect • Even with inferior goods, the income effect is rarely large enough to outweigh the substitution effect. Chapter 4

  29. When the price of food falls, consumption increases by F1F2 as the consumer moves from A to B. R The substitution effect,F1E, (from point A to D), changes the relative prices but keeps real income (satisfaction) constant. C1 A The income effect, EF2, ( from D to B) keeps relative prices constant but increases purchasing power. D B C2 U2 Substitution Effect U1 F1 E S F2 T Total Effect Income Effect Income and SubstitutionEffects: Normal Good Clothing (units per month) Food (units per month) O Chapter 4

  30. Since food is an inferior good, the income effect is negative. However, the substitution effect is larger than the income effect. B U2 Total Effect Income Effect Income and SubstitutionEffects: Inferior Good Clothing (units per month) R A D Substitution Effect U1 Food (units per month) O F1 F2 E S T Chapter 4

  31. Market Demand From Individual to Market Demand • Market Demand Curves • A curve that relates the quantity of a good that all consumers in a market buy to the price of that good. Chapter 4

  32. Determining the Market Demand Curve Price Individual A Individual B Individual C Market ($) (units) (units) (units) (units) 1 6 10 16 32 2 4 8 13 25 3 2 6 10 18 4 0 4 7 11 5 0 2 4 6 Chapter 4

  33. The market demand curve is obtained by summing the consumer’s demand curves Market Demand DA DB DC Summing to Obtain aMarket Demand Curve Price 5 4 3 2 1 Quantity 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Chapter 4

  34. Market Demand • Two Important Points 1) The market demand will shift to the right as more consumers enter the market. 2) Factors that influence the demands of many consumers will also affect the market demand. Chapter 4

  35. Market Demand • Elasticity of Demand Recall: Price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in the quantity demanded resulting from a 1-percent change in price. Chapter 4

  36. Price Elasticity andConsumer Expenditure Demand If Price Increases, If Price Decreases, Expenditures: Expenditures: Inelastic (Ep<1)Increase Decrease Unit Elastic (Ep = 1) Are unchanged Are unchanged Elastic (Ep >1) Decrease Increase Chapter 4

  37. Market Demand • Point Elasticity of Demand • For large price changes (e.g. 20%), the value of elasticity will depend upon where the price and quantity lie on the demand curve. Chapter 4

  38. Market Demand • Point Elasticity of Demand • Point elasticity measures elasticity at a point on the demand curve. • Its formula is: Chapter 4

  39. Market Demand • Problems Using Point Elasticity • We may need to calculate price elasticity over portion of the demand curve rather than at a single point. • The price and quantity used as the base will alter the price elasticity of demand. Chapter 4

  40. Market Demand Point Elasticity of Demand (An Example) • Assume • Price increases from 8$ to $10, quantity demanded falls from 6 to 4 • Percent change in price equals: $2/$8 = 25% or $2/$10 = 20% • Percent change in quantity equals: -2/6 = -33.33% or -2/4 = -50% Chapter 4

  41. Market Demand Point Elasticity of Demand (An Example) • Elasticity equals: -33.33/.25 = -1.33 or -.50/.20 = -2.54 • Which one is correct? Chapter 4

  42. Market Demand • Arc Elasticity of Demand • Arc elasticity calculates elasticity over a range of prices • Its formula is: Chapter 4

  43. Market Demand • Arc Elasticity of Demand (An Example) Chapter 4

  44. Consumer Surplus • Consumer Surplus • The difference between the maximum amount a consumer is willing to pay for a good and the amount actually paid. Chapter 4

  45. The consumer surplus of purchasing 6 concert tickets is the sum of the surplus derived from each one individually. Market Price Consumer Surplus Price ($ per ticket) 20 19 18 17 16 Consumer Surplus 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21 15 14 13 Rock Concert Tickets 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chapter 4

  46. Consumer Surplus • The stepladder demand curve can be converted into a straight-line demand curve by making the units of the good smaller. Chapter 4

  47. Consumer Surplus Market Price Demand Curve Actual Expenditure Consumer Surplus Price ($ per ticket) Consumer Surplus for the Market Demand 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Rock Concert Tickets 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chapter 4

  48. Network Externalities • Up to this point we have assumed that people’s demands for a good are independent of one another. • If fact, a person’s demand may be affected by the number of other people who have purchased the good. Chapter 4

  49. Network Externalities • If this is the case, a network externality exists. • Network externalities can be positive or negative. Chapter 4

  50. Network Externalities • A positive network externality exists if the quantity of a good demanded by a consumer increases in response to an increase in purchases by other consumers. • Negative network externalities are just the opposite. Chapter 4

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