1 / 17

Critical analysis on the relationship between drugs and crime

It is also being referred as substance use disorder, where the cerebrum and conduct of an individual is affected due to the consumption of illegal drugs

stephen88
Download Presentation

Critical analysis on the relationship between drugs and crime

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND (Case Study) Company Name: Home Of Dissertations Website: https://www.dissertationhomework.com Contact Number: +44 7842798340 CONNECTNOW

  2. UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND Course Title: SSC312 - Substance Use And Society (Assessment 2) Topic: Critical analysis on the relationship between drugs and crime Module Leader:RuphineObare BY OLUFOLAKUNMI A. OYEFOLU STUDENT ID: 199238808

  3. The parameters: • Drug Addiction: It is also being referred as substance use disorder, where the cerebrum and conduct of an individual is affected due to the consumption of illegal drugs (Khaleghi, and Khaleghi, 2011). • Illegal drugs : Most predominantly used unlicensed drugs are heroin, amphetamines, marijuana,  methamphetamines and cocaine (Glassner, and Loughlin, 2011). • Crime: There is direct association in between drug addiction and criminal offenses (Ayres, 2009 ).

  4. Addiction mechanism within Brain There are three steps in drug addiction cycle: • intoxication; • withdrawal effect or negative impact; • anticipation or preoccupation Significant parts of brain which plays role in addiction and its maintenance: • basal ganglia • extended part of amygdale • prefrontal cortex (Khaleghi, and Khaleghi, 2011)

  5. Drugs affecting the physical status Damages induced in brain results in following changes:

  6. Drugs affecting the psychological status

  7. The relationship between drugs and crimes • It is evident that there is a close association between drug abuse and crimes as the consumers commit crimes to pay for their drugs that cause several damages to the society. Morphine and Heroine were the most frequently used drugs (Bennett, 2009). • The varied crimes that are in association with drug use are trafficking of illegal drugs, crime related to buying of illegal drugs for own utilisation, selling and buying of illegal drugs, consumption of drugs in order to commit crimes such as sexual offense, dacoit and stealing, assassinate, kidnapping, etc. These are referred to as “drug related crimes” (Rafaiee, 2013). • Scientific reports also claimed that there is a direct association in between drug type, degree of consumption and the crimes committed. With the enhancement of drug abuse the wrongdoing rate and its passion increases (Rafaiee, 2013).

  8. Social consequences of drug addiction

  9. Factors affecting drug addiction and crime The factors that are evident to be relating the association between drug addiction and crime are: • Financial Crisis • Absence of social principles • Psychological Disorders related to personality • No contact with agents or no scope of socialization • Relationship with drug abusers and delinquents (Hammersley, 2008) However evidences have also revealed that with the removal of drugs from the life of people will not lower down the crime rate. This has to be considered in order to formulate strategies and policies related to interventions.

  10. The complexity of drug crime relationships: According to White and Gorman (2000) there are 3 major explanatory models for intricate drug crime relationship • Use of drugs results in crime • Offense stimulates the uses of drugs • The association in between the two parameters are thought to be coincidental or a common aetiology (Ajayi, 2008). However depending on the scientific evidences, it was evident that none of the above mentioned models could singly explain the causal relationships between drugs and crime (Ajayi, 2008).

  11. Theories on drug use and crimes • Goldstein’s  Three-sided model Goldstein described the association between drug and crime into three models: • economic compulsive; • psychopharmacological; • Systemic (Walters, 2016). • Drug Enslavement Theory (Walters, 2016). • General Deviance Syndrome Theory (Walters, 2016).

  12. Pharmacological Intervention for drug addiction

  13. Drugs and Socio-economic Status It has been observed that there is complex association in between drug use and poor financial condition, varied inequalities, and deprivation. Key factors are broken or intricate relationships with family members, different types of psychological disorders, reduced job opportunities along with diminished resources of the community. The link between drugs and crime is not straight, and depends on three major factors – • Drug use cause crimes • Crimes increases the use of drugs • The associated wider factors (Kipping, 2015).

  14. Legal intervention for drug addiction The UK policies for drug addiction are: Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: the law and its amendments controls drug use and it categorizes the drug into 3 groups A, B and C. It categorizes the penalty according to the groups. The Drug Trafficking Act 1994: the most penalty issued for drug trafficking is life time imprisonment. Section 110 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000: At least 7 year imprisonment for the third time trafficking of class A drugs. Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011: The act formulated rapid legal actions with regard to NPS drug category selling offense (Lloyd, and McKeganey, 2010).

  15. Conclusion: • Drug Addiction is also being referred to as substance use disorder and it is a persistent sickness. • Heroin, amphetamines, marijuana,   methamphetamines and cocaine are the most commonly used unlicensed drugs. • Drug related crime includes owning, manufacturing, selling and buying of illegal drugs. • Criminals were found to intake drugs for committing crime for instance sexual offense, assassinate, kidnapping, robbery to earn money to buy drugs. • There are varied theories which can illustrate the intricate relationship in between drug use and commitment of criminal offense. • Legal, pharmacological and psychosocial interventions had been discussed which can curb down the rate of drug use and associated crimes.

  16. References: • Antonopoulos, G. A., & Hall, A. (2016). ‘Gain with no pain’: Anabolic-androgenic steroids trafficking in the UK. European Journal of Criminology; 13(6), 696-713. • Ajayi, T. (2008) Drug Misuse and Dependence: UK Guidelines on Clinical Management-Department of Health (England) and the devolved administrations, Department of Health (England), the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Executive, 2007, 128 pp. Psychiatric Bulletin, 32(9), pp.360-360. • Ayres, T. (2009) Drugs & Crime: Theories and Practices‐By Richard Hammersley. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(3), pp.322-323. • Glassner, B. and Loughlin, J. (2011)Drugs in adolescent worlds: Burnouts to straights. Springer.Walsh C. Drugs, the Internet and change. Journal of psychoactive drugs. 2011 Mar 28;43(1):55-63. • Hammersley, R. (2008) Drugs and crime: Theories and practices (Vol. 2). Polity. • Khaleghi, M. and Khaleghi, K., 2011 The Anatomy of Addiction: Overcoming the Triggers That Stand in the Way of Recovery. St. Martin's Press • Lloyd, C. and McKeganey, N. (2010) Drugs research: an overview of evidence and questions for policy. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. • McBride CM, Emmons KM, Lipkus IM. (2003) Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation. Health Educ Res.; 18(2): 156-170. doi:10.1093/her/18.2.156 • Zimpfer, M.J. (2013) Intoxication and society: Problematic pleasures of drugs and alcohol by Jonathan Herring, Ciaran Regan, Darin Weinberg and Phil Withington (Eds.). • Rafaiee, R., Olyaee, S., & Sargolzaiee, A. (2013). The relationship between the type of crime and drugs in addicted prisoners in Zahedan Central Prison. International journal of high risk behaviors & addiction; 2(3), 139. • Bennett, T., & Holloway, K. (2009). The causal connection between drug misuse and crime. The British Journal of Criminology; 49(4), 513-531. • Walters, G. D. (2016). Risk, need, and responsivity in a criminal lifestyle. In  Handbook on risk and need assessment; (pp. 209-235). Routledge. • Kipping, R. R., Smith, M., Heron, J., Hickman, M., & Campbell, R. (2015). Multiple risk behaviour in adolescence and socio-economic status: findings from a UK birth cohort. The European Journal of Public Health; 25(1), 44-49.

  17. THANK YOU !! Contact us now Website : https://www.dissertationhomework.com Contact Number : +44 7842798340 CONNECT NOW

More Related