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INDOOR AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AND POLICY

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AND POLICY . Peter Brimblecombe University of East Anglia Norwich UK. A RECENT SCIENCE. There is much confusion in the literature as to whether this is a recent process or not… The problem is ancient - weapons of Odysseus

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INDOOR AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AND POLICY

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  1. INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONSOURCES AND POLICY Peter Brimblecombe University of East Anglia Norwich UK

  2. A RECENT SCIENCE • There is much confusion in the literature as to whether this is a recent process or not… • The problem is ancient - weapons of Odysseus • Concern is long term e.g. smoky fireplaces • Scientific study recent

  3. SINUSITIS Common in Saxon times Often related to lack of chimneys

  4. Scopulariopsis Brevicaulis metabolises arsenic to the volatile trimethylarsine (CH3)3As Scheele’s Green INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS • Bioemmisions (MVOC’s)

  5. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION • Historically very important • Increasing time in indoor environment • Sensitive populations indoors: • elderly, young and ill • Monitors outside! • Lower ventilation rates - energy savings • Novel building materials - outgas • …also poverty and gender issues

  6. FORMALDEHYDE DISCIPLINARY TRENDS VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  7. Coal PM10 250 g m-3 CO 42 ppm SO2 192 ppb Firewood PM10 489 g m-3 CO 57 ppm SO2 295 ppb VULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORSPOVERTY AND GENDER ISSUES Women and children exposed in kitchen Poor people experience higher pollution indoors Heated interiors- La Pintana, Santiago Kerosene and gas less mutagenic PAH...

  8. Social change – young people on holiday – old people in city Little community or health support Poor knowledge Home is safe AGE ISSUES Climate change and increasing ozone? PARIS OZONE AND HEATWAVE 2003 Smog’n Paris (& 400 000 morts prématurées en Europe, chaque année)

  9. INTERIORS • Ethanol 590ppb - beverages, baking • Acetone 24ppb - smoking, metabolism • Toluene 18ppb - smoking, fuel • Formaldehyde 7ppb - smoking, cleaning • Acetic acid 6ppb - meals, cleaning • Nicotine 2ppb - smoking • Organochlorines - showers

  10. Mineral fibres • Micro-organisms • Legionella • Radon

  11. Frying pan fumes - kill canaries? Case of the Teflon-intoxicated Red-tailed Black Cockatoo polytetrafluoroethylene pyrolyses to polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids oil capsaicin DOMESTIC POLLUTANTS • Outdoor pollutants • Combustion products • heating • exciting cooking

  12. More in Iowa City air than pesticides Polycyclic musks 134678hexahydr0-466788hexamethyl cyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyran FRAGRANCES and TOILETRIES • Nitro-musks • Talc • Terpenes

  13. PARTICLES IN THE PARIS METRO … role of iron wheels, rails and brakes and Fe may be 280 g m-3 (80%) g m-3 S. Mazoue et al (2001)

  14. AIRCRAFT CABINS (A310/A340) • Much complaint about re-circulation • Tourist class syndromes • No increase in particles in recirculated air • Increase in bacteria, but non-pathogenic • VOCs OK. Ethanol highest! • Ground engine exhaust/fuel • Smoking

  15. POLLUTANTS INDOORS NO2 ppb Nitrogen dioxide penetration at the Dreadnought Collection

  16. INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS • Very unifying concept that compares interiors • >1 indoor source • <1 indoor loss mechanisms • O3 and SO2 very effective loss

  17. NO2 INDOOR:OUTDOOR RATIOS • Museum of London 0.18 a/c & filtration • Correr (winter) 0.43 closed windows • Residenz, Wurzburg 0.62 • Kunsthistorisches Museum 0.64 • Correr (summer) 0.75 open windows • SCVA (winter) 0.79 • V&A, London 0.99 • SCVA (summer) 1.32 I/O = Ac/(Vd(S/V)+Ac)

  18. INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS • Very unifying concept that compares interiors • >1 indoor source • <1 indoor loss mechanisms • O3 and SO2 very effective loss

  19. INDOOR AIR CHEMISTRY Indoor reactions can elevate summer NO2 concentrations Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts AER project studied air chemistry in museum environments DG XII ENV4-CT95-0088 SYNERGISMS

  20. 0.79 winter 1.32 summer-autumn INDOOR/OUTDOOR NO2 HIGH AIR FLOW 3.0 changes/hour

  21. O3 Org-O SECONDARY EMISSIONS • NO2 with surfaces • O3 reaction fabrics NO2 HONO pH dependent RAYCHAUDHURI M and BOWDEN D UEA

  22. OZONE REACTIONS WITH SURFACES • Paints • formaldehyde • Carpets and counter tops • a range of aldehydes, especially nonanal

  23. AIR CONDITIONING EMISSIONS These reflect uptake and emissions Dominance of some characteristic aldehydes… • hexanal • nonanal Hyttinen et al Atmos Env 2006

  24. Production of PM-10 from fragrances SYMPTOMS AND REACTIONS • Concentrations of VOC’s typically too low to explain SBS • Reactions • Dependency

  25. CAFE • may abandon thepollutant by pollutant approach… • preoccupied with ozone and particles • problems with indoor sources How do you regulate such heterogeneous interiors?

  26. INDOOR CHALLENGES • Heterogeneity and monitoring • Often indoor air not same governmental agency as outdoor air • Department of Health or Housing or Safety or Industry or • even Cultural Heritage • Sub-critical concentrations • Sick building syndrome - sociological context • Personal freedom and it seems an environment we can control….

  27. DEPOSITION VELOCITY [Vd] • Fundamental parameter to describe indoor removal rate... Vd = (1/Va + 1/Vs )-1 1/Va aerodynamic resistance 1/Vs surface resistance Note resistance is the reciprocal of velocity...

  28. FORMALDEHYDE IN JAPANESE HOMES • Gamma distribution Park et al Indoor Air 2004

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