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Senior University Fall 2008 The Phantom Science Session 6

Explore the impact of natural resources (iron, coal, and oil) on the rise and fall of Western civilizations from the 19th to the 21st centuries. Discover the role of geology in shaping world history.

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Senior University Fall 2008 The Phantom Science Session 6

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  1. Senior University Fall 2008 The Phantom Science Session 6 The Fat Lady Sings The Rise & Fall(?) of the West Set Your Watch on Mountain Time

  2. Early Humans Early to Class, that is. It’s a No, No when there’s a camera “History is so indifferently rich that a case for almost an conclusion from it can be made by a selection of instances” Will and Ariel Durant, “The Lessons of History”

  3. Never get to Class Early

  4. Now back to business Remember the diamonds in Arkansas?

  5. Crater of Diamonds State Park Arkansas Diamonds

  6. Diamonds

  7. Geologic Map USA Diamonds Diamond Volcano Diamonds Texas Volcanics

  8. Diamonds No Diamonds No Diamonds Now for Session 6

  9. Remember from Last Week At the close of the 1700’s Natural Philosophy (geology) was in harmony with the Western Ecclesiastical, Political, & Economic Power Structure of the Time! Where we are in World History THIS HARMONY WOULD NOT LAST LONG!!

  10. Remember from Last Week Then, it was the Internal Combustion Engine The Great Nations and Empires ran on Their access to Iron and Coal Iron & Coal provided tools & Weapons Now Great Nations run on Oil Transportation: by Foot or “Horse” Everything changes with the invention of the Steam Engine Only the USA and Russia have large DOMESTIC Oil reserves Now Coal is truly KING!

  11. Civilizations Time Lines 1700 TO 2008 The Principal Players Our focus today: 1. Europe & USA: 19th & 20th Centuries

  12. Essential Natural Resources Now Oil Iron and Coal Coal or Nuclear Internal Combustion Engine Electric Motor Foot & “Horse” Steam

  13. Our focus today: 1. Europe & USA: 19th & 20th Centuries First: Europe & the USA in 19th & 20th Centuries Background If you’ve got it flaunt it 2. Phantom Science comes Center Stage You ain’t seen nothing yet! 3. USA, Russia, & China: 21st Century Weighed in the Balance & Found Wanting

  14. The World 1500 – 1800 AD The Rush for the Resources of the New World Next: the Struggle in Europe

  15. Europe and the Eastern Hemisphere Conflicts for Iron & Coal 19th & 20th centuries Oil Oil for Engines 20th century Wars & Concessions to Reallocate and Augment the Natural Resources of Europe

  16. The Scramble for Oil: 20th Century Lacked Oil USA 48 states Middle East USA, Shell Saudi Arabia France, Britain, Shell,USA Iraq ,Iran, etc Energy in the USA Today USA: Only country in the world with abundant, DEVELOPED Iron, Coal, & Oil USA Libya USA Venezuela Oil joins Iron and Coal as essential to being World Class Nation USA Indonesia

  17. Supply of all US Energy by Source Uses of all Petroleum

  18. Daily Oil Production Worldwide(?) Daily Oil Production USA ‘50 – ‘08 30 mm b/d

  19. Worldwide Oil & Gas reserves Estimated 2030 (dbeau)

  20. Now: The Phantom Science takes Center Stage!

  21. General Geology Geologic Maps Mining James Hutton: Father of Modern Geology Rock Sequences Europe 19th Century Pioneers of the Science of Geology

  22. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe James Hutton: (1726-1797) King James Bible Da Vinci Crusades Marco Polo Tours 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 De Re Metalica Greece Rome Bishop Ussher Columbus 1492 James Hutton: Father of Modern Geology

  23. James Hutton: (1726-1797) Scottish gentleman farmer & physician “The past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now”

  24. Geology’s Most Famous Rock Outcrop: Siccar Point: Eastern Scotland on the North Sea What did Hutton learn here?

  25. James Hutton: (1726-1797) • Rise & Fall of sea level = erosion & deposition • Subterranean heat = • volcanoes & lavas • Veins of metal ores, • Uplifts (mountains) • rock folding, and faults

  26. James Hutton: Scottish gentleman farmer Complex Sequence of Geological Events Can you figure out the geologic history of this rock outcrop? • Charles Lyell: Geological Pioneer • Documented James Hutton’s work • Defined “Uniformitarianism” 7. 5. 5. 8. 4. 6. 2. 3. 1.

  27. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe James Hutton: (1726-1797) King James Bible Da Vinci Marco Polo Tours 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Crusades De Re Metalica Greece Rome Columbus 1492 Charles Lyell: Principles 1830 Charles Lyell: “Principles of Geology”, 1830 Hutton’s Geology & “Uniformitarianism”

  28. Sir Charles Lyell, British Geology Compiler Principles of Geology, 1830 William “Strata” Smith: Pioneer Geologic Map Maker Uniformitarianism: Today’s Processes and rates of change define the past

  29. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe James Hutton: (1726-1797) King James Bible Da Vinci Marco Polo Tours William Smith 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Crusades De Re Metalica Greece Rome Bishop Ussher Columbus 1492 Charles Lyell: William “Strata” Smith: English Surveyor Father of the Geological Map

  30. William “Strata” Smith, English Engineer Smith created a Geologic Map of England while surveying construction of Canals

  31. William “Strata” Smith, English Engineer Used fossils to Identify Rock Layers of the Same Age and Engineering Significance

  32. William “Strata” Smith’s Geologic Map of Great Britain Charles Darwin: “The Origin of Species” The Book that changed the “world”: 1858

  33. Round Earth 250 BC to 1492 AD Sun center of our universe James Hutton: (1726-1797) King James Bible Da Vinci Marco Polo Tours William Smith 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Crusades De Re Metalica Greece Rome Bishop Ussher Columbus 1492 Charles Lyell: Charles Darwin Charles Darwin: “The Origin of Species” The Book that changed the “world”: 1858 Christianity Islam

  34. Charles Darwin (1809-1892) “Field Biologist and Geologist Origin of Species: Natural Selection “The Survival of the Fittest” Charles Darwin, age 32

  35. Two Hypotheses on the Origin of Species Continental Drift Alfred Wegener, 1880 to 1930 Gradual “Equilibrium” Punctuated Equilibrium Niles Eldredge & Steven Jay Gould, 1972

  36. Alfred Wegener, 1880 to 1930 German Meteorologist Continental Drift Proposal 290 Million Years Ago 37 Million Years Ago An Example: North America

  37. Continental Drift: North America drifts from Africa-South America And then

  38. Continental Drift: North America drifts from South America & Eurasia from Africa from South America An Example: North America & Texas

  39. Continental Drift North America through the Ages Absolute Age Dating: The Giant Step of the 1950 & 60’s Continental Drift Theory: Embraced in Europe in the 20’s & 30’s Accepted in USA in the 50’s & 60’s

  40. “How old is our earth?” 1658 Bishop Ussher: 6000 years 1785 James Hutton: 30 to 50 million years 1830 Sir Charles Lyell: 80 million years Lord Kelvin, 24 to 40 million years Heat flow 1899 John Joly, 90 million years (sea salts) 1947 to 1960 Radioactivity, 4.8 BILLION YEARS OLD!! Future ??????

  41. “Absolute” Age Dating of Rocks Absolute Age Continental Drift 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000

  42. J. Laurence Kulp: Columbia University Geochemist research in radiometric dating included :-- Potassium-argon dating[6][7]- Rubidium-strontium dating[8]- Uranium-lead dating[9]- Carbon-14[10] The Currently Accepted Geologic Ages

  43. Geochemistry: Absolute Age Dating Absolute Age Dating Measuring the Decay of Radio Active Minerals

  44. Age Dating using Uranium 238 Radioactive Decay of Uranium 238 Method Assumes: Today’s rate of Decay is the same as it was in the past Decay products Mapping the Rocks under the Oceans End Product Lead 206

  45. Plate Tectonics: Deep Sea Rock Cores & Rock Structures Three American Oceanographic Institutions Columbia University/Lamont, New York Woods Hole, Massachusetts Scripps, San Diego, California

  46. Lamont Geological Observatory, 1949 Maurice Ewing 1906 – 1974 Ocean Surveys: Bottom Cores Rock layers & structure (seismic) Gravity & Magnetic readings

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