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The Emergence of Homo Sapiens

The Emergence of Homo Sapiens. Introduction. Transition from Homo erectus areas of agreement areas of disagreement fossils with mixed traits Africa / Europe / Asia. Introduction (cont.). Transition (cont.) fossils < 200,000 years old definitely Homo sapiens. Neanderthals.

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The Emergence of Homo Sapiens

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  1. The Emergence of Homo Sapiens

  2. Introduction • Transition from Homo erectus • areas of agreement • areas of disagreement • fossils with mixed traits • Africa / Europe / Asia

  3. Introduction (cont.) • Transition (cont.) • fossils < 200,000 years old • definitely Homo sapiens

  4. Neanderthals • Early Discoveries • 1856 - Neander Valley, Germany • other fossil finds • later fossils concentrated in Europe • did not evolve • glaciation

  5. Neanderthals (cont.) • Early Discoveries (cont.) • disappeared 30,000 ya • closely related to H. sapiens

  6. Neanderthals (cont.) • Physical Characteristics • “brutish” appearance • larger braincase than modern humans • large hands / fingers

  7. Neanderthals (cont.) • Tool Assemblages • Middle Paleolithic cultural period • Africa - Middle Stone Age • Mousterian tool assemblage • Africa - post Acheulian

  8. Neanderthals (cont.) • Tool Assemblages (cont.) • small flake tools • Levalloisian Method • Flake-tool manufacture • Chipped of a specially prepared core of rock • Resulted in uniform and specialized small blades for sawing, gouging, piercing, and preparing animal hides for clothing

  9. Neanderthals (cont.) • Homesites • caves & rock shelters • most common excavations • open sites

  10. Neanderthals (cont.) • Funeral Rituals? • deliberate burials • examples of possible rituals • Le Moustier • Shanidar Cave, Iraq

  11. Emergence of Modern Humans (H. sapiens sapiens) • Cro-Magnon humans • named after rock shelter - France • oldest fossils - Africa • 100,000 ya?

  12. H. sapiens sapiens (cont.) • Cro-Magnon humans (cont.) • many other finds • physical characteristics • modern looking

  13. Upper Paleolithic Cultures • Introduction • Upper Paleolithic • 40,000 - 10,000 ya • Lifestyles

  14. Upper Paleolithic (cont.) • Tool technology • indirect percussion • hammer-struck punch • bone & antler tools • burins • pressure flaking • microliths

  15. Upper Paleolithic (cont.) • Art • early • beads / carvings / paintings • Venus figures • cave paintings

  16. Humans in the New World • Introduction • H. sapiens sapiens migrated to new world • no earlier species found • disagreement over earliest appearance

  17. New World (cont.) • Migrations • Linguistic research • three waves of migration • Dental research • confirms theory of three waves

  18. New World (cont.) • Tool Assemblages • Clovis Complex • Clovis, New Mexico • large projectile point • hunted large game • dated 11,200-10,900 ya

  19. New World (cont.) • Tool Assemblages (cont.) • Folsom Point • smaller point • indicated smaller game

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