Clause elements syntactically defined

1. Clause elements syntactically defined BY DR. BUSHRA NI’MA

2. ♦1. A subject 1- is normally a noun phrase or a clause with nominal function. 2- occurs before the verb phrase in declarative clauses and immediately after the operator in question. 3- has number and person concord, where applicable with the verb phrase.

3. ♦ 2. An object (direct or indirect) 1- like a subject, is a noun phrase or clause with nominal function. 2- normally follows the subject and the verb phrase. 3- by the passive transformation, assumes the status of subject.

4. ♦3.An indirect object when both objects and present, it precedes the direct object. ♦ 4. A complement (subject or object) 1- is a noun phrase, an adjective phrase, or a clause with nominal function, having a complement referential relation with the subject (or object). 2- follows the subject, verb phrase, and (if one is present) the object. 3- does not become through the passive transformation.

5. ♦ 5. An adverbial 1- is an adverb phrase, adverbial clause, noun phrase, or prepositional phrase. 2- is usually mobile (has the ability to occur in more than one position in the clause). 3- is generally optional (may be added to or removed from a sentence without affecting its acceptability), (in cases such as SVA and SVOA patterns, adverbs here are obligatory).

6. ♦ 6. The verb: is always realized by a verb phrase. It's normally present in all classes, including Imperative clauses (where the subject is typically absent). The verb determines what other elements (apart from the subject) may or must occur in the clause.

7. Clause Elements Semantically Considered • Agentive Subject: animate causer of the happening. * John opened the door. * Margaret is mowing the grass. The most typical semantic role of a subject is agentive, that is, the animate being instigating or causing the happening denoting by the verb.

8. 2) Instrumental Subject: inanimate causer of the happening. The computer has solved the problems. The wind opened the door. The electric shock killed him. * The unwitting (generally inanimate material) cause of an event.

9. 3) Affected subject one being affected by the event. The door opened • This role of subject is found with: intransitive verbs: Jack fell down intensive verbs: The pen is laying on the table. His English has been improved. (transitive) affected subject His English has improved. (intransitive)

10. They have increasedthe price of shirts and decreased the price of trousers. (they=agentive subject) The price of shirtshas increased andthat of trousershas decreased. (affected subject) increase(transitive), decrease(intransitive)

12. 4)Recipient Subject one that receives the happening. Mr. Smith has given his son a radio.(so now his sonhas a radio) David has a beautiful wife. * This role of subject is found with such verbs as: have, own, possess, see, hear, benefit (from). -"Do you love me, honey?" "Look into my eyes" She said softly, "You'll see my answer in there!"

13. Ilooked into her big, round, blue eyes and Isaw a fire burning there. Q. Do the subject in the two coordinate clauses have the same semantic role? Perceptual(sensitive) verbs see, hear; require a recipient subject in contrast to look at, listen to, [taste, smell, feel] having both meaning, which are agentive.

14. Verbs indicating cognition or emotion may also require a recipient subject: ─ I thought you were mistaken (It seemed to me). – I liked the play (The play gave me pleasure). 5. Locative Subject:one that denotes location (designating the place). – The buscan hold forty people. (forty people can sit in the bus)

15. Los Angeles is foggy. (It's foggy in Los Angeles) • This jar contains coffee. (There's coffee in this jar 6. Temporal Subject:one that denotes time. – Tomorrow is my birthday. (It is my birthday tomorrow 7. Eventive Subject:one that denotes event.– The concertis on Thursday. – The matchis today

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