Categories of Industry

1. Categories of Industry Unit 6 Primary Secondary Tertiary Factors of Production Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

2. Agriculture Fishing Primary Forestry Mining Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

3. Primary sector of the ecomony • The primary sector (extractive) is a category of industry based on the natural resources of a country such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, energy. • Some extracted material is used in its raw state, but generally the output of these industries is passed on to secondary or tertiary sectors for use in goods and services. • Some resources are non-renewable, e.g. oil and gas. Others are renewable, e.g. wind and solar energy. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

4. Primary sector • Agriculture: Accounts for 4% of total employment in the country and 6% of all exports. • Ireland exports almost 90% of its beef output, making it the largest beef exporter in the world. • The seafood industry employs 11,000 people and contributes €700 million annually to national income. • Coillte is the commercial state company which owns more than half the forests in Ireland. It employs 1,100 people and generates income from commercial forestry and renewable energy. The value of Irish forest sector exports is close to €350 million p.a. • Tara Mines is the largest zinc mine in Europe and employs 700 people. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

5. Importance of… • Employment: Many people in Ireland work in agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining. They pay taxes on their wages and this gives the government more money, so it can improve Ireland’s economy by reducing taxes, increasing grants and improving infrastructure. • Consumer of Irish products: Primary industries are a major consumer of Irish products, so they pump money into the ecomony. Farmers use farm machinery, fertilisers, chemicals, animal feed, vets etc. This has a spin off effect for these businesses, increasing their profits. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

6. Importance of… • High level of exports: the primary industry exports a huge amount of raw materials abroad, thus improving our Balance of Payments. This brings money into the country and creates wealth. E.g. forest sector exports value €350 million p.a. • Provides food: Much of the primary industry is concerned with providing food here in Ireland. This makes us less dependent on foreign imports, thus improving our balance of payments. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

7. PRIMARY SECTOR • Current Trends • Commodities such as beef and milk are commanding higher prices on world markets as demand increases due to global population growth. • Cóilltethe state agency operating in forestry, land based businesses, renewable energy and panel products may be privatised along with other businesses such as Electric Ireland. • Restriction on turf cutting due to EU environmental directive. The EU have designated some bogs “Special Areas of Conservation”. Owners of these bogs are no longer allowed to cut off them or plant them. Owners who had recently used these bogs will be compensated financially. The restrictions are seen by many as an attack on rural Irish culture and lifestyle. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

8. trends • Farm numbers in Ireland declined continuously over recent decades. Over half of all farmers are over 55 years old. Demographic and lifestyle changes make it more difficult to attract young people to agricultural careers. • The CAP has provided farmers with a Single Farm Payment. The process of separating that from productivity is called decoupling. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

9. trends • Some fish stocks have been depleted due to overfishing. The CFP sets out very strict rules and quotas designed to prevent overfihing and preserve fish stocks. A quota is a limit on the quantity of fish which can be caught. Since quotas are based on historical fishing trends, Ireland’s small fleet means our quota is relatively low. • The Kinsale gas field currently only provides a fraction of our energy needs and this will decline in the coming years. Much hope had been placed on the exploration of Corrib gas field, but this has been surrounded by controversy. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

10. Trends • Fracking: Gas deposits discovered in the Fermanagh/Leitrim border may be mined using ‘fracking’ a controversial mining techniqueinvolving taking gas from shale. • Wind energy is being explored with the planned development of 450 wind turbines across the midlands. An environmental impact study has to be carried out as health concerns have been raised by those living in the area. • Continued growth in organic food production capitalises on Ireland’s green image worldwide. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

11. SECONDARY Sector • The secondary sector includes: Manufacturing, Agribusiness and Construction businesses. • This sector takes raw materials, processes raw materials and produces finished goods. • They add value to the raw materials, making them more appealing to consumers. • Example: Kerry Group – Food Products. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

12. Manufacturing Secondary Agribusiness Construction Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

13. Importance of… • Manufacturing industry: • High Level of Exports: New high tech manufacturing have set up in Ireland including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical supplies, electronics and computer equipment. Most of these are foreign owned and export from Ireland. These therefore improve our balance of payments. • Employment: Manufacturing creates direct and indirect employment. These people pay taxes on income earned and spend their disposable income. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

14. Importance of… • Consumer of Raw Materials: Manufacturing companies buy the output of the primary industry and turn it into finished goods. This provides income to those in the primary industry and raises the standard of living. E.g. Ribena buys 95% of Irelands blackcurrants. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

15. Secondary sector • Current Trends: • (i) Decline in employment in Secondary Sector – downsizing and closures have resulted in an increase in unemployment, particularly in relation to Manufacturing and Construction • (iii) Increased wage rates in Ireland over the past few years has resulted in loss of competitiveness – relocation of some manufacturing businesses to low cost economies. Traditional manufacturing industries such as clothing and footwear have declined. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

16. agribusiness • A term used to describe a broad range of agricultural activities, not just farming but the processing and marketing of farm produce. • The sector directly employs 50,000 people and supports a further 60,000 indirect jobs. This is close to 7% of all employment. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

17. Trends • Agribusiness: The sector is dominated by indigenous producers which are small by international standards. To improve their access to capital several of these firms have changed their structure from cooperatives to PLCs, e.g. Glanbia and Kerry Plc. • Many Irish producers benefit from Ireland’s green image and protecting this image and reputation will be a major challenge for the industry. • Increased competition- challenge faced by Agribusiness Sector in food market from foreign retailers i.e... Lidl and Aldi Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

18. construction • The construction industry provides Ireland with housing, commercial property and infrastructure. • It is a very labour intensive industry. • Employment in construction rose by 40% between 2002 and 2008. over 300,000 people were employed in construction in 2007 (13% of employment). • The economic slowdown led to massive unemployment in the industry. By 2011 total employment had fallen to 100,000. • The recession has put on hold major infrastructural projects such as Metro North. This results in a loss of potential jobs in this sector. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

19. Tertiary sector • The services sector is the largest sector in Ireland. Its aim is to provide a range of services to businesses and consumers. E.g. financial services, medical services, transport services, leisure services. • Labour intensive. • The IFSC was built to attract and support companies who engage in internationally traded services such as finance, insurance, consulting and communications. • Tourism is one of the most significant service sectors. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

20. Tertiary sector • Importance of: • Biggest Employer: this sector is the biggest employer of Irish people. People employed in this sector pay taxes on their income and spend disposable income, which are beneficial to the economy. • Exports: Ireland exports financial services thus improving our Balance of Payments. This brings money into the country. • Attractive to TNCs: A well developed service sector is attractive to TNCs that are looking for a country to locate in, e.g. telecommunications and transport services. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

21. Tertiary sector Trends • Taxes such as the household charge, property tax and cuts in government expenditure on social welfare have led to a fall in the disposable income of consumers. As consumers’ spending power is reduced the demand for the goods and services that businesses sell in the retail services sector has fallen. • Closures/examinerships/insolvencies of retailers. • Recession hitting the small and medium enterprises e.g. suppliers to construction industry. • The Gathering 2013 and its impact on services (Hotels, travel etc). • The growth of e-business, a method of buying and selling goods and services over the internet, is changing the dynamic of the services sector. Retailers moving to on-line operations include Tesco and Next. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

22. Tertiary sector trends • Businesses in the services sector are facing a decrease in footfall because of the challenges facing town centres due to competition from large suburban shopping centres and the restrictive parking regimes in operation. Expensive parking tickets, fines and the threat of clamping are driving people out of town centres where many service sector businesses operate. • VAT increases lead to more expensive goods and services for the consumer which in turn causes demand to fall, thereby affecting business. For example the volume of sales in department stores fell by 18.4%, and electrical goods fell by 12.0% as a consequence of the negative impact of the VAT rise to 23%. • Increases in excises duties on tobacco products have led to an increase in tobacco smuggling. Excise duties on cigarettes continue to rise, increasing the incentive for customers to choose cut price illegal products sold on the black market. In 2010, Ireland’s retailers lost €896 million in turnover to the Black market. • The growth of the ICT sector has led to employment opportunities. At a recent Intel Forum on Education, the CEO of Fujitsu Ireland said that 75% of ICT employers in Ireland have job vacancies. There has been growing concern at the rising skills shortage in the ICT sector, a situation made worse by the low number of students opting for technology courses at third level. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

23. Factors of production Land Provided by Nature e.g. Crops, Forests, Sea, Oil Rent Labour Wages Human effort Factory workers, mechanic Capital Man made goods Machinery, infrastructure Interest Enterprise Combining the others and taking the risk Joe Murphy set up Tayto Profit Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

24. Factors of production • Land is anything provided by nature, used in the creation of wealth. E.g. Forests, Sea. It earns rent. • Labour is any human effort, both physical and mental, used in the creation of wealth. E.g. factory workers. It earns wages. • Capital is anything man made used in the creation of wealth, i.e. used in the production process, e.g. machinery. It earns interest. • Enterprise brings the other three factors of production together and organises them in order to create wealth. The entrepreneur uses their initiative and takes the risk to make a product/service. E.g. Joe Murphy set up Tayto. Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

25. Recent Exam questions • 2013 • Q2 (c) Discuss current trends affecting businesses in the services sector of the Irish economy. Provide examples to support your answer (20 marks). • 2012 • Define the primary sector. Outline two current trends affecting this sector in Ireland. (10 marks) • 2009/2003 • Define the secondary sector and outline two current trends affecting this sector in Ireland (10 marks). Ms Marshall 6th Year Business

26. Recent exam questions • 2007 • Discuss the importance of the categories of industry to the current Irish economy (20 marks). • 2006 • Outline the categories of industry in the Irish economy. In the case of one of these, describe its contribution to the economy (20 marks). Ms Marshall 6th Year Business