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INTRODUCTION To COMPUTER And DATA PROCESSING

INTRODUCTION To COMPUTER And DATA PROCESSING. ผู้สอน : อ.วิริยะ ไตรปัญญาศาสตร์. ภาควิชา คณิตศาสตร์. Introduction to Computers We will learn : Components of Computer: Hardware vs Software. Components of Hardware: CPU, Memory, Storage, Input/Output Devices.

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INTRODUCTION To COMPUTER And DATA PROCESSING

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  1. INTRODUCTION To COMPUTER And DATA PROCESSING ผู้สอน : อ.วิริยะ ไตรปัญญาศาสตร์ ภาควิชา คณิตศาสตร์

  2. Introduction to Computers • We will learn : • Components of Computer: Hardware vs Software. • Components of Hardware: CPU, Memory, Storage, Input/Output Devices. • Components of Software: Operating System and Application Programs. • STORAGE structure.

  3. The Big Picture A computer system contains: • hardware (equipment) • software (programs) • people (programmers and end-users)

  4. Computer System 4

  5. Computer System: Layers of Abstraction Application Program Algorithms Language Software Hardware Instruction Set Architecture (and I/O Interfaces) Microarchitecture Circuits Devices

  6. The Role of Algorithms We begin with the most fundamental concept of computer science that of an algorithm. Informally, an algorithm is a set of steps that defines how a task is performed. For example, there are algorithms for cooking, for finding your way through a strange city, for operating washing machines, for playing music, and for performing magic tricks.

  7. Before a machine such as a computer can perform a task, an algorithm for performing that task must be discovered and represented in a form that is compatible with the machine. A representation of an algorithm is called a program.

  8. Hardware: The Physical Components of a Computer Secondary storage Secondary storage device stores data and programs Input Output Central processing unit (CPU) executes computer instructions memory holds data and programs temporarily Input device Sends data to the central processing unit Output device makes processed data (information) available Processing

  9. A computer is a machine that can be programmed to • accept data • process it into useful information • store it away for safekeeping and later use

  10. Memory unit and Secondary storage abc123 01011010 Central processing unit (CPU) Input device Output device

  11. Hardware: ThePhysicalComponentsof a Computer

  12. Hardware: ThePhysicalComponentsof a Computer

  13. System Organization interrupts Processor Cache Memory Bus I/O Bridge Core Chip Set I/O Bus Main Memory Disk Controller Graphics Controller Network Interface Graphics Disk Disk Network

  14. ชิปเซต (Chipset) ทำหน้าที่ควบคุมการทำงานต่างๆ ของอุปกรณ์ภายในทั้งหมดที่อยู่บน Mainboardและ ชิปเซตจะเป็นตัวกำหนดว่าใช้ร่วมกับ CPU(Central Processing Unit)ตัวไหน เพราะชิปเซตแต่ละตัวนั้นจะถูกออกแบบมาเพื่อรองรับการทำงานของ CPU (Central Processing Unit) ตัวนั้นให้มีประสิทธิภาพ

  15. ชิปเซตนั้นจะมีอยู่ 2 ส่วน คือ North Bridge ที่ทำหน้าที่รับ/ส่งการทำงานของCPU(Central Processing Unit) และ RAMและอีกส่วน South Bridge ที่มีหน้าที่ควบคุม Slot PCI, ดิสก์ไดรฟ์ต่างๆ รวมถึงอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วงทั้งหมดไม่ว่าจะเป็นคีบอร์ด เมาส์หรือพอร์ตต่างๆ ที่อยู่ด้านหลังเครื่อง

  16. Processing Unit Processing Unit is composed of • Central Processing Unit (CPU) that executes program. • Main Memory that stores program and data.

  17. PC Motherboard

  18. Main Memory: Structure • Ordered sequence of storage locations called memory cells. • Each memory cell is identified by a unique address. • The data stored in a memory cell is its content. • One can either read a memory cell or write to a memory cell. Content Address 0000 0001 0002 0003 0004 1021 1022 1023 01001101

  19. Main Memory: Data Representation in Memory Cells • Data represented as binary numbers (i.e. base 2) which are collections of 1s and 0s. • Here 1 and 0 correspond to two different levels of voltage in electrical implementation of the memory. For example: 0 0 Volts 1 5 Volts. • 1or 0 is a binary digit, which is abbreviated as bit. • Each memory cell can hold a binary number with 8 bits which is called a byte.

  20. Why we have to use 8 Bits - In genaral using n bits, it is possible to represent upto 2x2x2x2x2 ….. (n times) values, 2n - e.g., 3 bits allow us to distinguish between 8 things 4 bits ----> 16 things 5 bits ----> 32 8 bits (1 byte)----> 256 things 12 bits ----> 4096 16 bits ----> 65536 32 bits ----> over 4 billion things

  21. Main Memory: Operations READ Address CPU MEMORY Data WRITE Address CPU MEMORY Data

  22. Main Memory: Memory Sizes 1 byte = 8 bits. 1 K (Kilobyte) = 210 or 1024 bytes. 1 M (Megabyte) = 220 or 1,0548,786 bytes. 1 G (Gigabyte) = 230 or 1,073,741,824 bytes. 1 T (Terabyte) = 240 Typical PC Main Memory is 256 Megabyte to 4 Gigabyte. (as of year 2004)

  23. Storage • Primary storage (or memory) holds programs and data temporarily: Main Memory. • Secondary storage devices such as disks store data and programs.

  24. Primary Storage: Computer Memory RAM (random access memory; DRAM, SRAM): • is the most common memory chip. • will not remain if power goes off. • must move data onto a disk if it is to be saved. ROM (read-only memory): • information is stored permanently on a chip. • contains startup information and other permanent data. PROM, EPROM, EEPROM • PROM: Programmable once!. • EPROM: Erasable (via ultraviolet light) and programmable • EEPROM: Electrically Erasable and programmable

  25. Secondary Storage • Secondary storage has more size than Main Memory (i.e. Primary Memory). • It is non-volatile, when you power down the computer data is not lost. • We use secondary storage to store our programs and data that we want to save. Secondary Storage Input Processing Output

  26. Software: Telling the Machine What to Do • Software - the planned, step-by-step set of instructions required to turn data into information. • Divided principally into systems and applications.

  27. Hardware & Software: Structure • Hardware • Operating System • Application Programs • User

  28. Software: Operating System • Controls the interaction of the computer with its environment (including user). • Management of memory, processor time and other resources for various tasks. • Execute and provide services for applications. • Examples: DOS, Windows, Unix, Linux,…

  29. คอมพิวเตอร์ Apple ใช้ ระบบปฏิบัติการ Mac OS คอมพิวเตอร์ PC ใช้ ระบบปฏิบัติการ Windows

  30. Software: Applications Software • Programs designed to perform specific tasks and functions. Examples: Matlab, Excel, Microsoft Word, and many more…. • Often found in the mass market as • packaged software or • commercial software

  31. Software: Organization (Files, Folders, Drives, Path) • Your computer’s filing system has three basic divisions: files, folders and drives • Everything saved on your computer is stored as a file • You can store a file in a folder (called “directory” under UNIX), and in turn store that folder inside another folder. Your computer also stores files in folders. When computer needs one of those files, it follows a path to the folder, and then to the file. • Files and folders are stored on drives. Each drive is assigned a letter name. Hard drive (C:\), floppy drive (A:\), CD-ROM drive, network drive, etc.

  32. Software Organization Disk Drive Files Folders Files Folders Files Folders

  33. Software:Organization Examples • Disk Drives under My Computer (Windows)

  34. Software: Organization Examples • Example CD-ROM Drive Contents: Files and Folders

  35. Software : Organization Examples • Example Folder (A folder of the CD-ROM in the previous slide.)

  36. Programming Languages • A programming language is a set of rules that provides a way of telling a computer what operations to perform. • There are several levels (or “generations”) of programming languages: • High-level • Assembly • Machine

  37. High-Level Language • High-level languages use English-like words that are much easier for humans to understand. • A translator is needed to convert the high-level language into machine language that computers understand. • There are several languages that you can use to write programs: • FORTRAN • COBOL • RPG • BASIC • Pascal • VB • C • C++• C# • Perl • Java • ..?...

  38. Assembly Language • Assembly languages are written using mnemonic codes and assemblers replace mnemonic codes with 0s and 1s to create machine code. • Since machine language is the only language the computer can execute, assembly language is eventually translated into machine language to execute the program.

  39. Machine Language • This is the lowest level of programming language because it represents data and program instructions as 0s and 1s. • All programs written in different programming languages are eventually converted into machine language.

  40. Levels of Representation temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; High Level Language Program Compiler lw $15, 0($2) lw $16, 4($2) sw $16, 0($2) sw $15, 4($2) Assembly Language Program Assembler 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 Machine Language Program Machine Interpretation Control SignalSpecification

  41. Example for a = a + b

  42. 0100 0001 กดคีย์ A

  43. Compiler, linker, loader… Compiler Source File (Text) Object File (binary) Library Linker Other Object Files (binary) Executable File (binary) Loader Input Results

  44. Instruction Cycle A program residing in the memory unit of the computer consists of a sequence of instructions. The program is executed in the computer by going through a cycle for each instruction. In the basiccomputer each instruction cycle consists of thefollowing phases : 1. Fetch an instruction from memory 2. Decode the instruction 3. Execute the instruction

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