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Arteries

Blood Vessels. Arteries. Arterioles. Ventricles. Capillaries. Heart!. Atria. Venules. Veins. Possible Disease States. Arteriosclerosis = hardening of vessel wall. Atherosclerosis = deposits of lipids in blood vessel wall, forming a plaque. results in hardening and

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Arteries

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  1. Blood Vessels Arteries Arterioles Ventricles Capillaries Heart! Atria Venules Veins

  2. Possible Disease States Arteriosclerosis = hardening of vessel wall. Atherosclerosis = deposits of lipids in blood vessel wall, forming a plaque. results in hardening and narrowing of vessel.

  3. Cross section of a normal, healthy coronary artery. Cross section of a coronary artery with advanced atherosclerosis. Remember: R = 1/r4

  4. Coronary Angiogram: Showing 60% obstruction (arrow) of the anterior interventricular artery.

  5. Aortic Aneurysm Aneurysm: a weak point in an artery wall (or heart); results in bulging due to pressure in vessel. Poses threat of hemorrhage.

  6. 1. Cardiac Output Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) 2. Peripheral Resistance Basically determined by these 4 Factors: 3. Total Blood Volume 4. Distribution of Blood

  7. Figure 15-10 in textbook

  8. Control: Control: 1)  Sym =>  r (R) 1) Para =>  HR 2) Sym => HR,  Force 2) Sym => r (R) 3) myogenic control 4) paracrines and hormones

  9.  fluid intake => MAP Most blood in venous system  fluid intake =>  MAP If  MAP, the mobilization of blood from venous to arterial system will  MAP Kidneys can conserve water to reduce loss but cannot make more water! Systemic vasoconstriction of veins by ANS (Sym)

  10. M.O. The Baroreceptor Reflex ↓ BP ∆’s to ↑BP Baroreceptors (aortic arch & carotid a.a.) ↑ BP ∆’s to ↓BP If BP, then  freq of Action Potential firing to M.O > changes toBP. If BP, then  freq of Action Potential firing to M.O > changes to  BP.

  11. What is Cardiovascular Shock ? 1. Cardiogenic 3. Anaphylactic It is a failure of the cardiovascular system to adequately perfuse the tissues of the body 4. Septic 2. Volumetric

  12. Cardiogenic = Failure of the Central Pump. • Examples: • Heart attack • Tompanade • Congestive Heart Failure Ultimately => ↓ MAP Can lead to vascular pooling

  13. 2. Volumetric or Hemorrhagic Shock Significant ↓ in total blood volume. • Examples: • Hemorrhage • Sever dehydration ↓ MAP

  14. 3. Anaphylactic = Allergic Response. This is an ‘inappropriate’ immune response. • Examples: • Bee sting • Food (fish, peanuts) • Medications A ‘harmless’ allergen triggers a massive immune response.

  15. 3. Anaphylactic = Allergic Response. Involves the systemic release of histamine, leads to vascular pooling - ↓ MAP Additionally causes: Severe swelling and constriction of bronchioles (↓ air flow). *Epi-Pen

  16. 4. Septic = Overwhelming Infection Appropriate immune response! • Examples: • Septicaemia = blood poisoning. • Bacteria releasing -blockers. -blockers prevent NE from counter-acting histamine, leads to vascular pooling (↓ MAP).

  17. Septic Shock Overwhelming infection → Neutrophils arrive to engulf the microbes; Macrophages release interleukin, Basophils and Mast cells release histamine, causing widespread vasodilation. Also increases capillary permeability → lead to ↓↓MAP.

  18. Activation of the Sympathetic division of ANS How does Respond to Shock? - pump (C.O.) HR and Force (SV) Venous Vasoconstriction - venous reservoir. • Water conservation by Kidneys. - Urine output Filtration at capillaries - Interstitial Fluid

  19. The Lymphatic System

  20. Roles of the Lymphatic System • One-way drainage system. 2) Lipid Absorption from Small Intestine. 3) Produce & circulates Immune cells.

  21. re • One-way drainage of tissue fluid back to heart. • About 2 L/day collected by lymph vessels. 90% of filtrate reabsorbed. ~10% goes? Edema – an increase in interstitial volume

  22. Edema can occur in 2 main ways: • Transcapillary Fluid dynamics are Upset. – HPcap  increases interstitial volume – COPcap  increases interstitial volume – HPi  increases interstitial volume – COPi  increases interstitial volume

  23. Transcapillary Fluid Dynamics

  24. Edema can occur in 2 main ways: • Transcapillary Fluid dynamics are Upset. – HPcap  increases interstitial volume – COPcap  increases interstitial volume – HPi  increases interstitial volume – COPi  increases interstitial volume 2) Blockage of Lymphatic vessels.

  25. Elephantiasis: An example of blockage or obstruction of lymphatic vessels.

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