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CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment

CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment. http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards. http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/books/whales. How organisms avoid sinking. Increase buoyancy Gas containers Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or… Swim bladder. Fig. 14.2.

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CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment

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  1. CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/books/whales

  2. How organisms avoid sinking • Increase buoyancy • Gas containers • Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or… • Swim bladder Fig. 14.2 http://www.fineartradiography.com/images/nautilus-pos.jpg

  3. How organisms avoid sinking • Float – less dense than saltwater or neutral • Microscopic zooplankton have shells or tests • Radiolarians • Foraminifers • Copepods • Macroscopic zooplankton may have oil droplets • Krill (resemble mini-shrimp or large copepods) Fish egg with oil droplet Krill http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/people/klf/MicroGalleryLarge_files/Forams1.jpg http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/research/arcdiv/watercolumn/euphausiid/images

  4. How to avoid sinking • Floating macroscopic zooplankton • Cnidarians • Hydrozoan (Portuguese man-of-war) gas-filled float • Scyphozoan (jellyfish) soft low-density bodies http://www.aboututila.com/Photos/AdamLaverty/

  5. How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • Fish – swim by curving body from front to back http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/sixcms/media.php/591 http://i184.photobucket.com/albums/x245/Aquaman1956/fish_swimming.gif

  6. How to avoid sinking • Active swimming – Squid • Swim by trapping water and expelling it • Also swim by using fins Unknown deep sea squid http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2001/dec21_clague/squid_swimming-400.jpg http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues96/may96

  7. How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • sea turtles use flippers • marine mammals use up/down tail movements • Different from fish http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/

  8. Fin designs in fish • Vertical fins as stabilizers • dosral and anal fins • Paired fins for “steering” and balance • Pelvic and pectoral • Tail fin (caudal) for thrust http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish_fins.gif

  9. Fin designs in fish • Rounded caudal finsflexible, maneuver at slow speeds • Truncate finsand forked fins, useful for both maneuvering and thrust • Lunate finsrigid, lots of thrust for fast swimmers • Heterocercal finsasymmetrical, lift for buoyancy (shark)

  10. Adaptations for finding prey • Mobility • Lungers wait for prey and pounce (grouper) • Mainly white muscle tissue • Cruisers actively seek prey (tuna) • Mostly red muscle tissue

  11. Adaptations for finding prey • Swimming speed • Speed generally proportional to size • Can move very fast for short time (mainly to avoid predation) http://images.inmagine.com/img/imagezoo/iz125/iz125022.jpg http://chemistry.csudh.edu/faculty/jim/cozmay06best/barracuda.jpg

  12. Adaptations to finding prey • Most fish cold-blooded but some are warm-blooded • Homeothermic-body temperature above sea water temperature • Modifications in circulatory system • Mainly in fast-swimming fish http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/10/051031133653.jpg

  13. Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Mainly fish that consume detritus or each other • Lack of abundant food • Bioluminescence • http://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_glowing_life_in_an_underwater_world.html • Fishing lures • Large, sensitive eyes Anglerfish w/ males Lanternfish http://www.antoranz.net/CURIOSA/ZBIOR2/C0301 http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/myctophid1.jpg

  14. Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Large sharp teeth • Expandable bodies • Hinged jaws http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/b

  15. Adaptations to avoid predation • Schooling • “Safety in numbers” • School may appear as single larger unit • Schooling maneuvers confuse predator http://www.oceanbrite.com/gallery/d/811-2/Fish_School.jpg

  16. Some taxonomy…… • Fish • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Chondrichtyes – cartilaginous fish • Sharks, rays • Class Osteichthyes – bony fish

  17. Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous Fish

  18. Osteichthyes • Very diverse group!

  19. Marine Mammals • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Carnivora • Sea otters • Polar Bears • Pinnipeds – Family Odobenidae (walrus), Family Otariidae (Sea lions), Family Phocidae (seals) • Order Sirenia • Manatees and dugongs • Order Cetacea • Whales

  20. Whales • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales – dolphins, orcas, sperm whales) • Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales – blue whale, gray whale)

  21. http://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpghttp://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpg Marine mammals • Land-dwelling ancestors • Warm-blooded • Breathe air • Hair/fur • Bear live young • Mammary glands for milk http://images.aad.gov.au/img.py/8bb.jpg

  22. Marine mammals • Carnivora • Prominent canine teeth • Sea otters • Polar bears http://www.birdsasart.com/Sea-Otter-w-pup-_T9J9119-Cordova,-AK.jpg http://www.gaszappers.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/3-lazy-polar-bears.jpg

  23. http://images.livescience.com/images/071008-walrus-04.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Walruses • Eat crustaceans with tusks • Seals http://www.cambriarealty.com/images/seal_pic1.jpg

  24. http://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpghttp://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Sea lions • Fur seals http://neilshedden.com/africa/images/animals/seals3.jpg

  25. http://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpghttp://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpg Marine mammals • Sirenia • Herbivores • Manatees • Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean • Dugongs • Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/Photos/Dugong%20CL25_1b.jpg

  26. Marine mammals • Cetacea • Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming • Specialized skin (dermal ridges) structure for fast swimming • Whales • Toothed - carnivores • Baleen – filter feeders

  27. Cetacea

  28. http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpghttp://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpg Marine mammals • Dolphins vs. porpoises • Dolphins (Delphinidae) • 35 species • Beaks • melon (fatty organ in forehead) • Prominent, curved dorsal fin • conical, undifferentiated teeth • Range in size from 1.5 m Hector's dolphin to 9 m killer whales • Porpoises (Phocoenidae) • 6 species • Lack prominent beak • laterally compressed teeth • More triangular dorsal fin Bottlenose dolphin Harbor porpoise http://www-heb.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/community/ education/images/harbourporpoise/teeth2_small.gif http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94551&rendTypeId=4

  29. Cetacea • Adaptations for deep diving • Use oxygen efficiently • Able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled • Able to store large quantities of oxygen – high levels of myoglobin and hemoglobin • Able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs • Slowed cardiac rate • Muscles insensitive to buildup of CO2 • Collapsible lungs http://www.freewebs.com/cetaceanrc/SpermWhale1.jpg

  30. http://hearingresearch.net/pix/FultonCaldwell.gif Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti(toothed) • Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale • Echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects • Clicks produced in nasal air sacs are focused by the melon • Echos received thru lower jaw  middle ear • Determine shape, size of objects

  31. Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Fig. 14.23 Right whale baleen • Baleen whales • Blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, gray whale, right whale • Fibrous plates of baleensieve prey items • Vocalized sounds for various purposes http://www.coastalstudies.org/what-we-do/right-whales/fieldnotes.htm

  32. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/ Marine reptiles • Sea turtles • Prey depends on species Greenseat seagrass(gut flora digests cellulose) Loggerheadseat conch Leatherbackseat jellyfish • Nest on beaches: predation, lights on dunes • Many overexploited Green

  33. Marine iguanas of Galapagos Islands • Feed on submerged algae • Dive for up to 20 minutes • Must surface before they become too cold and can’t climb out of water http://www.surtrek.com/en/images/Program_pics/photogallery/gps http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%20zoo/they%20walk/iguana

  34. Sea snakes of Pacific • Highly poisonous • Truly aquatic - reproduce in water - live-bearers http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/sotr/1998/photos http://www.oceanbrite.com/albums/Fiji/

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