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CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment

Explore how marine organisms avoid sinking in the pelagic environment using buoyancy, swim bladders, gas containers, and various genetic adaptations. Discover unique features like fin designs in fish, hunting strategies, and ways to avoid predation in this fascinating ecosystem.

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CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment

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  1. CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/books/whales

  2. How organisms avoid sinking • Increase buoyancy • Gas containers • Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or… • Swim bladder Fig. 14.2 http://www.fineartradiography.com/images/nautilus-pos.jpg

  3. How organisms avoid sinking • Float – less dense than saltwater or neutral • Microscopic zooplankton have shells or tests • Radiolarians • Foraminifers • Copepods • Macroscopic zooplankton may have oil droplets • Krill (resemble mini-shrimp or large copepods) Fish egg with oil droplet Krill http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/people/klf/MicroGalleryLarge_files/Forams1.jpg http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/research/arcdiv/watercolumn/euphausiid/images

  4. How to avoid sinking • Floating macroscopic zooplankton • Cnidarians • Hydrozoan (Portuguese man-of-war) gas-filled float • Scyphozoan (jellyfish) soft low-density bodies http://www.aboututila.com/Photos/AdamLaverty/

  5. How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • Fish – swim by curving body from front to back http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/sixcms/media.php/591 http://i184.photobucket.com/albums/x245/Aquaman1956/fish_swimming.gif

  6. How to avoid sinking • Active swimming – Squid • Swim by trapping water and expelling it • Also swim by using fins Unknown deep sea squid http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2001/dec21_clague/squid_swimming-400.jpg http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues96/may96

  7. How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • sea turtles use flippers • marine mammals use up/down tail movements • Different from fish http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/

  8. Fin designs in fish • Vertical fins as stabilizers • dosral and anal fins • Paired fins for “steering” and balance • Pelvic and pectoral • Tail fin (caudal) for thrust http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish_fins.gif

  9. Fin designs in fish • Rounded caudal finsflexible, maneuver at slow speeds • Truncate finsand forked fins, useful for both maneuvering and thrust • Lunate finsrigid, lots of thrust for fast swimmers • Heterocercal finsasymmetrical, lift for buoyancy (shark)

  10. Adaptations for finding prey • Mobility • Lungers wait for prey and pounce (grouper) • Mainly white muscle tissue • Cruisers actively seek prey (tuna) • Mostly red muscle tissue

  11. Adaptations for finding prey • Swimming speed • Speed generally proportional to size • Can move very fast for short time (mainly to avoid predation) http://images.inmagine.com/img/imagezoo/iz125/iz125022.jpg http://chemistry.csudh.edu/faculty/jim/cozmay06best/barracuda.jpg

  12. Adaptations to finding prey • Most fish cold-blooded but some are warm-blooded • Homeothermic-body temperature above sea water temperature • Modifications in circulatory system • Mainly in fast-swimming fish http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/10/051031133653.jpg

  13. Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Mainly fish that consume detritus or each other • Lack of abundant food • Bioluminescence • http://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_glowing_life_in_an_underwater_world.html • Fishing lures • Large, sensitive eyes Anglerfish w/ males Lanternfish http://www.antoranz.net/CURIOSA/ZBIOR2/C0301 http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/myctophid1.jpg

  14. Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Large sharp teeth • Expandable bodies • Hinged jaws http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/b

  15. Adaptations to avoid predation • Schooling • “Safety in numbers” • School may appear as single larger unit • Schooling maneuvers confuse predator http://www.oceanbrite.com/gallery/d/811-2/Fish_School.jpg

  16. Some taxonomy…… • Fish • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Chondrichtyes – cartilaginous fish • Sharks, rays • Class Osteichthyes – bony fish

  17. Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous Fish

  18. Osteichthyes • Very diverse group!

  19. Marine Mammals • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Carnivora • Sea otters • Polar Bears • Pinnipeds – Family Odobenidae (walrus), Family Otariidae (Sea lions), Family Phocidae (seals) • Order Sirenia • Manatees and dugongs • Order Cetacea • Whales

  20. Whales • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales – dolphins, orcas, sperm whales) • Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales – blue whale, gray whale)

  21. http://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpghttp://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpg Marine mammals • Land-dwelling ancestors • Warm-blooded • Breathe air • Hair/fur • Bear live young • Mammary glands for milk http://images.aad.gov.au/img.py/8bb.jpg

  22. Marine mammals • Carnivora • Prominent canine teeth • Sea otters • Polar bears http://www.birdsasart.com/Sea-Otter-w-pup-_T9J9119-Cordova,-AK.jpg http://www.gaszappers.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/3-lazy-polar-bears.jpg

  23. http://images.livescience.com/images/071008-walrus-04.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Walruses • Eat crustaceans with tusks • Seals http://www.cambriarealty.com/images/seal_pic1.jpg

  24. http://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpghttp://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Sea lions • Fur seals http://neilshedden.com/africa/images/animals/seals3.jpg

  25. http://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpghttp://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpg Marine mammals • Sirenia • Herbivores • Manatees • Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean • Dugongs • Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/Photos/Dugong%20CL25_1b.jpg

  26. Marine mammals • Cetacea • Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming • Specialized skin (dermal ridges) structure for fast swimming • Whales • Toothed - carnivores • Baleen – filter feeders

  27. Cetacea

  28. http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpghttp://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpg Marine mammals • Dolphins vs. porpoises • Dolphins (Delphinidae) • 35 species • Beaks • melon (fatty organ in forehead) • Prominent, curved dorsal fin • conical, undifferentiated teeth • Range in size from 1.5 m Hector's dolphin to 9 m killer whales • Porpoises (Phocoenidae) • 6 species • Lack prominent beak • laterally compressed teeth • More triangular dorsal fin Bottlenose dolphin Harbor porpoise http://www-heb.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/community/ education/images/harbourporpoise/teeth2_small.gif http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94551&rendTypeId=4

  29. Cetacea • Adaptations for deep diving • Use oxygen efficiently • Able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled • Able to store large quantities of oxygen – high levels of myoglobin and hemoglobin • Able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs • Slowed cardiac rate • Muscles insensitive to buildup of CO2 • Collapsible lungs http://www.freewebs.com/cetaceanrc/SpermWhale1.jpg

  30. http://hearingresearch.net/pix/FultonCaldwell.gif Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti(toothed) • Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale • Echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects • Clicks produced in nasal air sacs are focused by the melon • Echos received thru lower jaw  middle ear • Determine shape, size of objects

  31. Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Fig. 14.23 Right whale baleen • Baleen whales • Blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, gray whale, right whale • Fibrous plates of baleensieve prey items • Vocalized sounds for various purposes http://www.coastalstudies.org/what-we-do/right-whales/fieldnotes.htm

  32. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/ Marine reptiles • Sea turtles • Prey depends on species Greenseat seagrass(gut flora digests cellulose) Loggerheadseat conch Leatherbackseat jellyfish • Nest on beaches: predation, lights on dunes • Many overexploited Green

  33. Marine iguanas of Galapagos Islands • Feed on submerged algae • Dive for up to 20 minutes • Must surface before they become too cold and can’t climb out of water http://www.surtrek.com/en/images/Program_pics/photogallery/gps http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%20zoo/they%20walk/iguana

  34. Sea snakes of Pacific • Highly poisonous • Truly aquatic - reproduce in water - live-bearers http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/sotr/1998/photos http://www.oceanbrite.com/albums/Fiji/

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