Chapter 7: The Skeleton: Bones and Joints

1. Chapter 7:The Skeleton: Bones and Joints

2. Overview

3. Key Terms amphiarthrosis endosteum osteon arthritis epiphysis osteopenia arthroscope extremity osteoporosis arthroplasty fontanel periosteum articulation joint resorption bursa marrow skeleton circumduction osteoblast synarthrosis diaphysis osteoclast synovial diarthrosis osteocyte

4. The Skeleton • The skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue.

5. Figure 7-1 The skeleton.

6. 1.List the functions of bones. 2. Describe the structure of a long bone. Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone with respect to structure and location. BonesLearning Outcomes

7. Bones Bone Functions • Act as a framework for body • Protect delicate structures • Examples: Brain and spinal cord • Work as levers to produce movement • Store calcium • Produce blood cells

8. Bones Bone Structure • Diaphysis • Marrow • Red • Yellow • Membranes • Periosteum • Endosteum • Tissues • Compact • Spongy

9. Figure 7-2 The structure of a long bone. What are the membranes on the outside and the inside of a long bone called?

10. Figure 7-3 Bone tissue. What cells are located in the spaces of compact bone?

11. 4.Name the three different types of cells in bone and describe the functions of each. 5. Explain how a long bone grows. 6. Name and describe various markings found on bones. BonesLearning Outcomes

12. Bones Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair • Long bone formation • Epiphyseal plates • Bone resorption • Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue. • Types of bone cells • Osteocytes maintain and repair the existing bone matrix. • Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue. • Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone.

14. Bones Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair • Long bone formation • Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone. • Cartilage begins to turn into bone. • Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends. • Bones continue to lengthen. • Bones stop lengthening. • Bone resorption and formation continues.

15. Bones Bone Resorption • Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.

16. ✓ Bones Checkpoints 7-1 What are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone? 7-2 What are the two types of osseous (bone) tissue and where is each type found?

17. ? Bones Pop Quiz 7.1 Which protein makes up a major component of bone matrix? • Keratin • Collagen • Melanin • Calcium

18. ? Bones Pop Quiz Answer 7.1 Which protein makes up a major component of bone matrix? • Keratin • Collagen • Melanin • Calcium

19. Bones Bone Markings

20. Figure 7-4 Sinuses.

22. ✓ Bones Checkpoints 7-3 What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each? 7-4 What compounds are deposited in the intercellular matrix of the embryonic skeleton to harden it? 7-5 What are the centers for secondary growth of a long bone called? 7-6 What are some functions of bone markings?

23. ? Bones Pop Quiz 7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children? • Center of bone shafts • Epiphyseal plates • Medullary cavities • Epiphyseal lines

24. ? Bones Pop Quiz Answer 7.2 Where does bone growth occur in children? • Center of bone shafts • Epiphyseal plates • Medullary cavities • Epiphyseal lines

25. Name, locate, and describe the bones in the axial skeleton. Describe the normal curves of the spine and explain their purpose. Bones of the Axial SkeletonLearning Outcomes

26. Bones of the Axial Skeleton • Two main groups of bones: • Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk • Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

27. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull

28. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull

29. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull

30. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull

31. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Skull • Other bones • Ear ossicles • Hyoid bone • Sutures • Coronal suture • Squamous sutures • Lambdoid suture

32. Figure 7-5 The skull. What type of joint is between the bones of the skull? What two bones make up each side of the hard palate? What is a foramen?

33. Figure 7-6 The skull, sagittal section. What bone makes up the superior and middle conchae?

35. Figure 7-7 Infant skull, showing fontanels. Which is the largest fontanel?

36. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Trunk • Vertebral column • Cervical vertebrae • Thoracic vertebrae • Lumbar vertebrae • Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) • Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)

37. Figure 7-8 Vertebral column, left lateral view. From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebrae form a convex curve? Which group(s) form a concave curve?

38. Figure 7-9 The vertebral column and vertebrae. Which vertebrae are the largest and heaviest? Why?

39. Figure 7-10 The first two cervical vertebrae. What is missing in these two vertebrae that is present in all other vertebrae?

40. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Framework of the Trunk • Thorax • Sternum • Ribs • True ribs • False ribs • Manubrium • Clavicular notch • Sternal angle • Xiphoid process

41. Figure 7-11 Bones of the thorax, anterior view. To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?

43. ✓ Bones of the Axial Skeleton Checkpoints 7-7 What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk? 7-8 What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

44. ? Bones of the Axial Skeleton Pop Quiz 7.3 Which bone forms the back and part of the base of the skull? • Parietal bone • Temporal bone • Occipital bone • Sphenoid bone

45. ? Bones of the Axial Skeleton Pop Quiz Answer 7.3 Which bone forms the back and part of the base of the skull? • Parietal bone • Temporal bone • Occipital bone • Sphenoid bone

46. 9.Name, locate, and describe the bones in the appendicular skeleton. Bones of the Appendicular SkeletonLearning Outcome

47. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

48. Figure 7-12 The shoulder girdle. What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix infra mean?

49. Figure 7-13 Bones of the upper extremity. What is the medial bone of the forearm?