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Radiopharmaceuticals

Radiopharmaceuticals. Lab # 7. A radiopharmaceutical is a radioactive compound used for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of human diseases. In nuclear medicine nearly 95% of the radiopharmaceuticals are used for diagnostic purposes while the rest are used for therapeutic treatment.

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Radiopharmaceuticals

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  1. Radiopharmaceuticals Lab # 7

  2. A radiopharmaceutical is a radioactive compound used for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of human diseases. • In nuclear medicine nearly 95% of the radiopharmaceuticals are used for diagnostic purposes while the rest are used for therapeutic treatment. • Radiopharmaceuticals usually have minimal pharmacologic effect • In most cases they are used in tracer quantities.

  3. Ideal Radiopharmaceutical • Radiopharmaceuticals should possess some important characteristics • Administered to humans • Several limitations on the detection of radiations by currently available instruments

  4. Easy Availability • Should be easily produced • Inexpensive • Readily available in any nuclear medicine facility. • Complicated methods of production of radionuclides or labeled compounds increase the cost of the radiopharmaceutical. • The geographic distance between the user and the supplier also limits the availability of short-lived radiopharmaceuticals.

  5. Short Effective Half-Life • A radionuclide decays with a definite half-life which is called the physical half-life Tp (or t1/2) • The physical half-life is independent of any physicochemical condition • Radiopharmaceuticals administered to humans disappear from the biological system through fecal or urinary excretion, perspiration, or other mechanisms

  6. Short Effective Half-Life • This biologic disappearance of a radiopharmaceutical follows an exponential law similar to that of radionuclide decay • Every radiopharmaceutical has a biologic half-life (Tb) • The net or effective rate (λe) of the loss of radioactivity is then related to the physical decay constant λp and the biologic decay constant λb. • λ e = λp +‏ λb • Te =Tp X Tb Tp+Tb ‏

  7. Short Effective Half-Life • The physical half-life of 111In is 67 hr and the biologic half-life of 111In-DTPA used for measurement of the glomerular filtration rate is 1.5 hr. What is the effective half-life of 111In-DTPA? • 1.47 hr • Radiopharmaceuticals should have a relatively short effective half-life which should not be longer than the time necessary to complete the study in question

  8. Particle Emission • Radionuclides decaying by a- or b-particle emission should not be used as the label in diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals • Many b-emitting radionuclides such as 131I-iodinated compounds are often used for clinical studies

  9. High Target-to-Nontarget Activity Ratio • For any diagnostic study it is desirable that the radiopharmaceutical be localized preferentially in the organ under study • Activity from nontarget areas can obscure the structural details of the picture of the target organ. • Target-to-nontarget activity ratio should be large.

  10. Thank You

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