Furniture and other equipment

1. Furniture and other equipment

2. Each room should has: • Operating table with rubber mattress connect to a remote to position pt. in different types of position required. • Instrument tables. • Mayo stand • Ring stand for basin. • Sitting stools. • IV stands. • Suction bottle and tubing with a portable machine. • Anesthesia machine. • Light (focus).

4. Principles of A Septic and Sterile Technique • Definitions • Infection: • "Invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganism and the reaction of tissues to their presence and their toxins." • Antibiotic: • "Substances, natural or synthetic that inhibit growth or destroy microorganism. Used as therapeutic agents against infectious disease. • Asepsis: • "Absence of microorganism that cause disease."

5. Sepsis: • "Severe toxic state resulting from infection" • Antiseptic: • "Organic or non-organic chemical compounds that inhibit the growth of organism without necessary killing them." • Bactericidal: • "Agent that destroys bacteria." • Disinfectants: • "Agents that kill growing forms of microorganism except spores. "

6. Sterilization: • "The complete destruction of all microorganism ( pathogenic and non-pathogenic ) in both vegetative (active) and sporing state". • Sterile: • "Free of microorganism including all spores". • Sterile Technique: • "Methods by which contamination with organism is prevented to maintain sterility throughout the operation procedure."

7. Stages of Infection: • Invasion. • Localization. • Resolution leading to recovery

8. Classification of Infection: • Surgical infections may be classified in various ways: • By source • By etiology.

9. Classification by Source: • Home or Community Infection: These are natural disease process that develop or were including before patients admission to hospital. • Nosocomial Infection: Infections that patients acquire during hospitalization as a complication of operation (UTI - Cellulitis - Phlebitis- Bacteremia - Abscess).

10. Classification by Etiology: • Includes the causative agents • Bacterial infection: could be aerobic or anaerobic, gram (+) • Non – Bacterial: as fungi and virus.

11. Predisposing Factors to infection: • Incidence and types of infections that occur in surgical patient are affected by the following factors: • Malnutrition • Age • Obesity • Impaired defense mechanism. • Length of pre-operational hospitalization (incidence of Nosocomial infection). • Duration of operation. • presence of chronic disease (Cardiovascular of Respiratory).

12. Sources of Contamination in OR: • Skin staphylococcus • Hair • Nasopharynx • Fomites (contaminated particles are present on objects such as operating room surfaces (walls, floor cabinet. • Air • Human Error

14. Infection Control and Prevention • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) mandates that one should consider body secretions and excretions of all individuals as contaminated, therefore,standard precautions must be observed at all times during patient care.

15. AIDS, hepatitis (several strains), pyogenic infections, and numerous other blood-borne infections can be transmitted via puncture wounds. • Sharps must be handled responsibly in all situations. • The scrub person must always pass the handle of the knife to the surgeon while holding the knife by the shaft. It is safest if suture is mounted just before use, again, passing the handle to the surgeon.

16. All personnel should wear gloves when performing patient-care tasks, i.e., when catheterizing a patient, when starting intravenous fluids,and when handling potentially contaminated articles, such as soiled sponges,instruments, intravenous lines, blood transfusion sets and blood pouches ,and any other items soiled by body secretions or excretions that might provide the source of infection through a break in the skin. Some authorities advocate double gloving when virulent infections are present or suspect.

18. Ways to prevent Infection: • On the ward before surgery: • A complete bath early morning before surgery. • Shaving of appropriate area and be sure not to break the skin and all loose hair are removed. • A clean OR gown (open gown) for the patient. • A complete check of body for pustule, abscess, cold.

19. During Operation: • Patient's Hair should be cover with OR cap. • Cleaning the OR site well with antiseptic solution (betadine). • No person is allowed to work in OR with cold or sore throat or conjunctivitis. • Passage of personnel in the OR is limited only the staff who works in this operation.

20. After the Operation: • In the Recovery Room: • Take care and be sure that dressing on place. • Don't let dirty sheets contact with the wound.

21. In the ward: • Don't put clean operation (case) in a bed next to dirty case in the same room. • If the dressing become wet or soiled, change it, using strict sterile technique. • Keep the patient clothes and his bed clean. • Encourage the patient to move, eat proper food and maintain good personal hygiene. • Teach the patient about the disease before he goes home.