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Russian Revolution. Long term causes: Weakness of Czar Nicholas (Romanov dynasty) Lack of support for participation of WWI Late to industrialize/troubled economy/ workers protesting (Bloody Sunday) Loss in Russo-Japanese War (Before WWI, Japanese more advanced after Meiji Restoration)
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Russian Revolution • Long term causes: • Weakness of Czar Nicholas (Romanov dynasty) • Lack of support for participation of WWI • Late to industrialize/troubled economy/ workers protesting (Bloody Sunday) • Loss in Russo-Japanese War (Before WWI, Japanese more advanced after Meiji Restoration) Bloody Sunday- peasants protest at Czar’s Winter Palace. Czarina orders massacres.
Bolshevik Revolution • “Peace, Land, Bread”- SLOGAN • Red Army- Bolsheviks, White Army- Czar/Upper Class • Romanov family murdered- Russia becomes U.S.S.R. • Trotsky commands Red Army NEP- New Economic Policy- capitalism influences used to transition to communism
Totalitarian Rule- one ruler, total power and controls public and private life • Command economy- leader controls economic decisions • Five Year Plan- forced collectivization to industrialize economy to compete with the west • Collectives- farms combined to great large government run farms • Stalin killed many political enemies in the late 1930’s in the Great Purge. Stalin starved the Kulaks (wealthy peasants) who refused to collectivize as method of control/intimidation. 3 million died in the Ukraine
Gandhi • Indian independence • Civil disobedience led to nonviolent protests • End of British imperialism • Unity between Muslims and Hindus • Assassinated by a Hindu radical
South Africa • Apartheid- legal segregation laws that separated blacks and whites. Established by Afrikaner Nationalist government in 1948, ended in 1991 • Nelson Mandela- used civil disobedience against apartheid • 1st black president of South Africa • President F.W. De Klerk ended Apartheid, Mandela won a few years later
Kwame Nkrumah- Ghana, non-violence, French, successful, becomes president for life • Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya, used guerrilla warfare, Mao Mao, against British
Mussolini became fascist dictator of Italy • Created fascist party, becomes totalitarian dictator • Hitler becomes highly influential in national socialist (or Nazi, also, do not confuse with socialist) party • Goes to jail after beer hall putsch, writes Mein Kamf (my struggle) • Elected chancellor, then takes complete control after Reichstag fire (false flag)
Japan attacks Manchuria for resources • Italy invades Ethiopia, imperialism part of fascist program, wanted to create new Roman empire (fascism comes from Roman word fasces, which was a bundle of rods that symbolized Roman power) • Germany invades Sudetanland (Czechoslovakia), then Austria (Anschluss), British follow policy of appeasement, then Hitler invades Poland and WWII starts • Neville Chamberlain- British Prime Minister associated w/ appeasement, Churchill followed, against appeasement
Appeasement- giving in to your enemy with hopes of stopping war • Blitzkrieg- “lightning war”, Germany employed blitzkrieg in Battle of Britain • Axis- Germany, Italy, Japan • Allies- Great Britain, France (taken over quickly by Germany- Vichy France, U.S.S.R. (Germany breaks non-aggression pact by attacking Russian- which was something he should have learned from Napoleon that you don’t do), U.S. after Pearl Harbor bombed by Imperialist Japan
D-Day- Allies push from the Western Front by invading Normandy • In the Pacific Allies pursued a campaing of island hopping after war in Europe was virtually over, finally over after dropping atomic bomb on Hiroshima and then Nagasaki
Cold War between U.S.A.! And U.S.S.R.! (Soviet Union) • Cold war began when the Soviet Union and U.S. emerged as leading superpowers after WWII • Capitalist airlift supplies to capitalist West Berlin • Truman Doctrine- written by President Truman whose goal was to CONTAIN communism to stop the DOMINO THEORY • Marshall Plan- U.S.A. provided economic aid to countries to help them resist communism after WWII • Alliances- Communist Warsaw Pact vs. Capitalist NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
HOT SPOTS of ze Cold War! • Cuba! • Bay of Pigs- PrezJFK provides weapons to uban exiles who try to take over government- it was, as bros say, an Epic Fail • Cuban Missile Crisis- Cuba and U.S.S.R. build nuclear missile bases pointed at U.S.A. JFK blockades Cuba/forces Kruschev to remove missiles • Korean War! • North Korea=COMMIE South Korea=CAPITALIST • U.S.S.R. and China back North Korea, USA back South Korea, remain divided • Vietnam War! • North Vietnam=COMMIE South Vietnam=CAPITALIST • N.V. , led by Ho Chi Minh, invades S.V., which is helped by U.S. • U.S. aid to S.V. is unsuccessful and they are forced to leave, Vietnam remains communist
Chinese Communist Revolution!!!!! • Mao Tse Tong (or Zedong) or Zeta Jones • Led communist overthrow of nationalist government with Red Guards • He wrote the “Little Red Book”, which is the blueprint for communism in China • Great Leap Forward- used to boost industrialization, based on Stalin’s 5 Year Plans, very unsuccessful • Cultural Revolution- Mao purged people (like Stalin’s Great Purge) were were political enemies, many being intellectuals • Overall Mao was totalitarian, boosted economy at expense of people
Post-Mao • Deng Xiaoping starts a process of de-Maoization • Four Modernizations: • Advancements in Science/Technology • Agriculture (Privatization) • Industry • Military/Defense Tinananmen Square Massacre- 1989- student protest nonviolently and then crushed by military
Collapse of the Soviet Union • In the 80’s when I was born- Gorbachev reforms Soviet Union with: • Perestroika: rebuilding/restructuring of Russian economy, allowing more market-based • Glasnost: more freedom of speech, less government censorship • Democratization, kinda: citizens allowed to vote for communist leaders, not other parties • Effects of Collapse • U.S.S.R. collapse and becomes Russian Federation • Russia becomes capitalist and democratic • Former communist satellites in eastern Europe/central Asia become independent