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C ARBON

C ARBON. Ricky Stephens. H ISTORY. Carbon has been known since ancient times Scientists believe that carbon was manufactured by burning organic material, making charcoal, which is how the element received its name The name “Carbon” comes from the Latin word “carbo”, meaning charcoal

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C ARBON

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  1. CARBON Ricky Stephens

  2. HISTORY • Carbon has been known since ancient times • Scientists believe that carbon was manufactured by burning organic material, making charcoal, which is how the element received its name • The name “Carbon” comes from the Latin word “carbo”, meaning charcoal • Carbon was not created during the Big Bang

  3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS • Symbol: C • Atomic Number: 6 • Group: 14 • Period: 2 • Atomic Weight: 12.0107 • Melting Point: 3,550°C • Boiling Point: 3,825°C • Density: 2.267 g/cm3 • Oxidation States: +4, +2, -4 • Electrons per shell: 2, 4 • Electron Configuration: 1s22s22p2 • Phase at Room Temp: solid

  4. CHARACTERISTICS (cont.) • Carbon can exist in a number of different, physically distinct forms, called allotropes, which include: • -Diamond • -Graphite • -Amorphous carbon • -Fullerenes • -Chaoite • -Lonsdaleite • -Carbon nanofoam • -Carbon nanotubes

  5. CHARACTERISTICS (cont.) • Some physical characteristics of graphite and diamond, the two most common carbon allotropes, include: • Graphite: • Soft (one of the softest minerals known to man) • Smooth • Electrical conductor • Thermal insulator • Opaque • Crystalline structure: Hexagonal • Diamond: • Extremely hard (hardest mineral known to man) • Abrasive • Electrical insulator • Thermal conductor • Transparent • Crystalline structure: Cubic

  6. ISOTOPES • There are three carbon isotopes (atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons): Protons: 6 Neutrons: 6 Mass number: 12 Protons: 6 Neutrons: 8 Mass Number: 14 Protons: 6 Neutrons: 7 Mass Number: 13

  7. SOURCE • Carbon is the 6th most abundant element in the universe • Carbon is most commonly obtained from coal deposits • Carbon is abundant in the sun, stars, and comets • Carbon can be made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen • Graphite can be found in the U.S., Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Russia, South Korea, Mexico, Czech Republic, Greenland, India, and Italy • Diamonds are mainly found in the U.S., Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Zaire, Sierra Leone, Ghana, and many other African nations

  8. USES • In general, carbon can be found in food, clothes, cosmetics, plastics, and gasoline. • More specifically… • Amorphous carbon is used to make inks, paints, rubber products, and the cores of most dry cell batteries • Graphite is used as a lubricant, for the writing material in pencils (it is not, in fact, lead), in the production of steel (when added to iron), as charcoal in cooking as well as in medicine (pills) in order to absorb toxins from the digestive system, and in athletic equipment (golf clubs, hockey sticks, and tennis racquets) • Diamond is used for jewelry, saw blades, and drill bits • Additionally, Carbon-14 is used in “carbon dating”, where the amount of Carbon-14 is used to show how old a decayed item is, based on Carbon-14’s half-life, which is 5,730 years.

  9. BOHR-RUTHERFORD DIAGRAMS

  10. BIBLIOGRAPHY “Carbon.” Wikipedia. 19 Dec. 2006. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/carbon> “The Carbon Atom.” EdInformatics. 1999. 19 Dec. 2006. <http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/c_atom.htm> Gagnon, Steve. “It’s Elemental – Carbon.” Jefferson Lab. 19 Dec. 2006. <http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele006.html>

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