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Energy policies and management of c arbon balance in Estonia

Energy policies and management of c arbon balance in Estonia Olga Gavrilova, Tiina Randla, Raivo Vilu Tallinn University of Technology. Climate change is one of the greatest concerns for the global community. Overheating of Earth is a real danger.

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Energy policies and management of c arbon balance in Estonia

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  1. Energy policies and management of carbon balance in Estonia Olga Gavrilova, Tiina Randla, Raivo Vilu Tallinn University of Technology

  2. Climate change is one of the greatest concerns for the global community

  3. Overheating of Earth is a real danger

  4. The goal of UNFCCC is ‘stabilization of Greenhouse Gases concentrations in the atmosphere at the level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate change’ The commitments of Kyoto protocol extend this to ‘achieving of emission limitation and reduction, and protection and enhancement of GHG sinks and reservoirs’

  5. Estonia is an Annex B country of Kyoto Protocol, Estonia has an obligation to reduce CO2 emissions 8% by 2008-2012 in comparison with 1990 20 million tons of oil shale was extracted and used in 1990 10-12 million tons of oil shale has been extracted and used in 1994-2003 1 ton of CO2 is emitted per 1 ton of oil shale on burning Estonian oil shale enterprises have the right to sell “hot air” for more than €60 million The price of 1 ton of CO2 quota was yesterday €23

  6. The resources for electricity generation, 2003

  7. Efficiency of electricity production from oil shale Efficiency of electricity generation 14%

  8. Energy intensity of the economy, kgoe (kilogram of oil equivalent) per 1000 Euro (at constant prices, 1995=100)

  9. CO2 emission per GDP of countries of European Union, 2003

  10. However, oil shale industry in Estonia is thriving currently Especially after the price of oil barrel exceeded $50 Estonia is the only offshore territory for oil shale industry in the world In this economical and political conditions we are discussing (oil shale) energy policies…

  11. Renewable resources of energy in Estonia • Wood 5.5-14 TWh/a • Straw etc non-wooden biomass 2-13 TWh/a • Biogas max 0.4 TWh/a • Wastes 0.1-3 TWh/a • Solar energy 2.2 TWh/a • Wind energy 2.7–4 TWh/a • Water energy 0.4 TWh/a • (Peat) 5.3 TWh/a Current (end-)use of energy in Estonia ~10 TWh/a

  12. Future of energy sector in Estonia will depend on the EU and global post-Kyoto policies

  13. Carbon accounting in Estonia according to IPCC rules, 2002

  14. The aim of our research to consider land use related Carbon Flow Analysis (CFA) in • Forestry • Agriculture • Arable land; • Husbandry; to compare it with the current carbon flows, which are estimated in Estonian GHG inventory; to evaluate readiness of statistical system of Estonia for introduction of full CFA based on GIS-mapping as a prerequisite of full carbon trade;

  15. The land area by different types of land use in Estonia, thousands ha, 2003

  16. Differences between the Basic map and forest map from Estonian Centre of Forest Protection and Silviculture (CFPS) Forest land on Basic map Forest land on CFPS map

  17. 1.1.1 11 93 1 Crops Export / Import Grain, Fruit 1,517 2.1 2 Stalks Leaves Roots Manure Products 1,537 3 563 Human 65 1.1.2 respiration Animals 1,434 burning Residues Waste Industry 9 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 Seed 28 6 Humus 4 131 66,800 6 5.1 subsoil 4 19,600 Carbon cycle of arable land Stock 1 Stock 2

  18. Calculated CO2 flows according to IPCC rules and our data

  19. A proposal: start CO2 trade also inside the countries and include beside CO2 emission also CO2 sequestration This will give a new perspective to the agriculture Both, forest and arable land could sequester more than 2 tons of carbon per ha per year

  20. Carbon accounting and economics The change of forest and arable lands in Estonia during the last 30 years What decisions were behind of these land use changes (annual increase of CO2 sequestration by about 5.4 Gg): economical or (and) ecological?

  21. If carbon has monetary value, every decision about land use change should be taken balancingeconomical(ecological services, including carbon sequestration) and ecological(biodiversity) accounts

  22. Carbon Flows Accounting and Economical Mechanismsshould function simultaneously • for the control and optimization of the processes leading to local and global ‘enhancement (of) GHG sinks and reservoirs’ and • use of renewable resources (biomass, wastes etc.)

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