Evolution description and importance of tomato

1. Evolution description and importance of tomato Next Previous End

2. Evolution description and importance of tomato Origin • The first reference of tomato appears in 16th Century herbalistis, but they are brief and only identify it as newly introduced into Europe. • Two hypotheses have been put forward with regard to its place of origin. • Mullar(1940a, 1940 b) and Luckwill (1943) suggested that tomato was transported to Europe from Peru sometime in 1535. • Only two areas have received attention as potential sites of domestication, namely Peru and Central Mexico. Previous Next End

3. Evolution description and importance of tomato • The critical evidence cited by them is that the early names ‘Male peruviana’ and ‘Pomi del Peru’ indicate a Peruvian origin. • On the other hand, some authors mentioned the possibility of a Mexican origin. • Von Humbloldt (1821) mentioned tomato among a list of plants that may probably be considered as Mexican. • Both hypotheses have been frequently quoted. Previous Next End

4. Evolution description and importance of tomato • In 1544, Mathiolus gave the common name ‘Pomi d’oro’ with its latin equivalent ‘Mala aurea’ for the first time. • Furthermore, the name ‘Pomi d’ oro’ has persisted in Italy as the common name of tomato. • Dodonaeus, in his Flemish edition of Herbal in 1544 described tomato in a separate chapter entitled ‘Of Amorous apples or Golden apples’. Previous Next End

5. Evolution description and importance of tomato • Anguillara, Semplici (1561) there is a short note entitled ‘Lycopersico di galeno’. On Anguillaras edition two new names ‘pomic del Peru’and ‘ Lycopersican’ were introduced into the synonymy and because firmly established through repetition in subsequent works. • infact the later name has persisted as the scientific name of the genus for quite a long time. Previous Next End

6. Evolution description and importance of tomato • Whatever may be the geography of domestication of the tomato, its immediate ancestor was probably var. cerasiforme as concluded by Jenkins (1948) and still widely accepted. • He also suggested that it is reasonably certain that Mexico and not Peru was the source of the cultivated tomatoes of the old world and probably and only centre of domestication of the tomatoes as there is a wide spread distribution of var. cerasiforme in Mexico. Previous Next End

7. Evolution description and importance of tomato • The var. cerasiforme also bears greater genetic resemblance to the cultivated tomato than L. pimpinellifollium which is probably a by-product rather than a member of the stem line of the crop. • Robert Gibbon Johanson (1820) demonstration its edibility. Previous Next End

8. Evolution description and importance of tomato Previous Next End

9. Evolution description and importance of tomato Tomato belongs to the family Solanaceae and genus Lycopersicon. The genus includes 12 species, all native to South America. The genus differs from Solanum by the absence of spines in the pinnatifid leaves and anther tips are narrow and exhibit longitudinal dehiscence. According to Mullar (1940a) and Luckwill (1943), the genus is further subdivided into two subgenera. Previous Next End

10. Evolution description and importance of tomato Based on fruit colour(Mullar 1940) Eulycopersicon : Characterized by red fruited edible species with carotenoid pigmentation and annual. Cultivated tomato esculentum and pimpinellifolium species are included in this group. Eriopersicon: Green fruited species with anthocyanin pigmentation and the following species are in this group. Previous Next End

11. pissisi (Luckwill, 1943) peruvianum (Mullar, 1940a) hirsutum (Mullar, 1940a) glandulosum (Mullar, 1940a) cheesmanii (Mullar, 1940a) Later, Rick and Lamm (1955) emphasized the importance of recognizing chilenseas a separate species. Two distinct species, L. esculentumand L. pimpinellifoliumare recognized by most authorities, with 4 or 5 botanical varieties in the former(Thompson and Kelly,1957) Based on fruit shape Bailey (1949) classified tomatoes in to two species, L. esculentumand L. pimpinellifoliumwith 5 botanical. The chromosome number of all the species are 2n=2x=24. Previous Next End

12. Evolution description and importance of tomato Based on growth habit and fruit characters, five forms of L. esculentum are identified. Commune - Common tomato Cerasiformae - Small fruited cherry tomato Pyriforme - Pear shaped tomato Grandifolium - Potato leaved tomato Validum - Erect and upright tomato Previous Next End

13. Evolution description and importance of tomato Rick (1976) divided genus Lycopersiconinto following two groups based on their ability to cross with cultivated tomato:   1.Esculentum complex (crossable with cultivated tomato) L. esculentum, L. pimpinellifolium, L. cheesemaniand L. Hirsutum 2.Peruvianum complex (Not crossable with cultivated tomato) L. peruvianum, L. chinense Previous Next End

14. Evolution description and importance of tomato Rick (2007) of Tomato Genetic Resource Centre (TGRC) gave Solanumequivalents for the different Lycopersican species that are being maintained at this centre. • L. esculentum – solanumlycopersicum • L. esculentum var. cerasiforme – solanumesculentumvarcerasiforme. • L. pimpinellifolium – S. pimpinellifolium • L. cheesmanii – S. cheesmaE • L. cheesmaniif.minor – S. galapaganse • L. chmielewskii – S. chmielewskii • L. parviflorum – S. neorickii • L. preuvianum f. humifusum - L. preuvianum • L. previanum f. glandulosum – S. corneliomulleri • L. hirsutum includes L.hirsutum f. glabratum Previous Next End

15. Evolution description and importance of tomato New species of tomato relatives in which the name of the species under Lycopersicon genus is not available are S.lycopersicoides, S.sitiens, S.juglandifolium, S.ochranthum. Plant Characteristics Tomatoes are short-lived perennials cropped as annuals. Although killed by frost outdoors, in greenhouses, plants can be cropped for 24 months or longer. Previous Next End

16. Evolution description and importance of tomato Growth habits: determinate vs. indeterminate. The primary shoot of a young tomato plant produces 5 to 10 leaves, then produces a flower cluster. Each flower cluster is referred to as a 'hand'. In indeterminate cultivars, the shoot continues to grow upward and flower clusters appear to develop to the side of a main shoot or main stem. Previous Next End

17. Evolution description and importance of tomato Although indeterminate plants appear to have a single main stem, this is actually not the case. The growth of the primary shoot ends with the formation of the first flower. Upward growth continues because the last leaf initiated before the flower cluster (which actually grows to occupy a position above the cluster) produces a side shoot. Next Previous End

18. Evolution description and importance of tomato This side shoot produces three more leaves before it terminates in a flower cluster. The process of initiating new growth from a side shoot of the last leaf initiated before the flower cluster continues indefinitely, giving the appearance of a main stem with a flower cluster between every three leaves. Previous Next End

19. Evolution description and importance of tomato Leaf characters The tomato plant has compound leaves. A compound leaf is made up of leaflets which are distributed along the leaf rachis. While the entire leaf is connected to the stem by the petiole, the leaflets are connected to the rachis of the leaf by the petiolule. Some of the leaflets on this leaf are compound as well. Previous Next End

20. Evolution description and importance of tomato Flower character Tomato plants have yellow flowers that, in full bloom, are generally less than an inch in diameter. The flowers can occur in a simple or a complex inflorescence. Simple flowers can appear as well as simple cymes and branched cymes. The number of flowers that occur in an inflorescence is dependent upon environmental factors such as temperature. Previous Next End

21. Evolution description and importance of tomato Flowers are borne in raecmosecyme and flower cluster is known as` truss` and its position is auxiliary. Flowers are hermaphrodite, pendulous, pentomerous and hypogynous. Stamens are 6 inserted on throat of corolla tube and anthers are connivet around style. Calyx: Gray in colour, 5-7 sepals, alternate with petals, persistent, valvateaestivation. Corolla: 5-7 petals, bright yellow in colour, alternate to sepals, valvate aestivation. Androecium: Stamens 5, greenish yellow, free at the base and united at top. The anthers dehisce longitudinally. Previous Next End

22. Evolution description and importance of tomato Fruit Characteristics. The tomato fruit is a classified botanically as berry. It is borne single or clusters with persistent calyx. Size varies from small cherry types with only two divisions of the ovary (locules) to large multi-locular beefsteak types. Previous Next End

23. Evolution description and importance of tomato Two-locules wild types: Examples are cherry tomatoes and processing (plum or pear) types. Cherry tomatoes are small and round and grown only for fresh market. Processing types are usually somewhat larger and can be pear, plum or 'square-round' in shape. Although most processing tomatoes are canned or processed into sauces and condiments, small percentages are also sold fresh or as 'sun-dried' tomatoes. Previous Next End

24. Evolution description and importance of tomato Colour: Fruit can be yellow, orange, pink, red, or even white. The red color comes from the pigment lycopene while the orange and yellow colors come from betacarotene pigments. Yellow and orange tomatoes are equal or higher in nutrition to red tom atoes because lycopene has no particular nutritional value while carotenoids are a source of vitamin A. Pink tomatoes have the same interior color as red tomatoes but have a transparent rather than yellow skin. Previous Next End

25. Evolution description and importance of tomato Shape: Fresh market tomatoes range from round to oblate (flat-round) while processing tomatoes are more elongated (oblong) or pear-shaped. Breeders of processing tomatoes have developed oblong types with squarer shoulders (called square-rounds) to resist crushing. Old tomato cultivars are of many shapes and sizes, including ridged. Seeds: Numerous, round in shape, yellowish in colour, with adherence of mucilaginous substance. Previous Next End

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27. Evolution description and importance of tomato Nutritive value: Tomatoes are now eaten freely throughout the world, and their consumption is believed to benefit the heart, among other organs. They contain the carotene lycopene, one of the most powerful natural antioxidants. In some studies, lycopene, especially in cooked tomatoes, has been found to help prevent prostate cancer, but other research contradicts this claim. Lycopene has also been shown to improve the skin's ability to protect against harmful UV rays. Natural genetic variation in tomatoes and their wild relatives has given a genetic plethora of genes that produce lycopene, carotene, anthocyanin, and other antioxidants Previous Next End

28. Evolution description and importance of tomato Tomato varieties are available with double the normal vitamin C (Doublerich), 40 times normal vitamin A (97L97), high levels of anthocyanin (resulting in blue tomatoes), and two to four times the normal amount of lycopene (numerous available cultivars with the high crimson gene). Previous Next End

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30. Evolution description and importance of tomato Medicinal properties Lycopene has also been shown to protect against oxidative damage in many epidemiological and experimental studies. In addition to its antioxidant activity, other metabolic effects of lycopene have also been demonstrated. The richest source of lycopene in the diet is tomato and tomato derived products. Previous Next End

31. Evolution description and importance of tomato Tomato consumption has been associated with decreased risk of breast cancer, head and neck cancersand might be strongly protective against neurodegenerative diseases. Tomatoes and tomato sauces and puree are said to help lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH) and may have anticancer properties. Tomato consumption might be beneficial for reducing cardiovascular risk associated with type 2 diabetes. Previous