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Nicole Ward, UK Plant pathology

Managing Diseases in backyard orchards. Nicole Ward, UK Plant pathology. Disease management. Cultivar selection Canopy management Sanitation Air circulation Vigor Scouting Fungicides . Cultivar selection. Disease-resistant apple. Resistant to major diseases Scab Cedar apple rust

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Nicole Ward, UK Plant pathology

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  1. Managing Diseases in backyard orchards Nicole Ward, UK Plant pathology

  2. Disease management • Cultivar selection • Canopy management • Sanitation • Air circulation • Vigor • Scouting • Fungicides

  3. Cultivar selection

  4. Disease-resistant apple • Resistant to major diseases • Scab • Cedar apple rust • Fire blight • Powdery mildew • Not resistant to • Cork spot • Fly speck/sooty blotch • Not insect-resistant • Bagging (ENTFACT-218) • Insecticides

  5. Sanitation Understanding life cycles of fungi (or bacteria) and removing source of spores. • Rake • Remove old fruit • Prune, remove cankers Apple Sooty Blotch/Fly Speck & Cedar Apple Rust

  6. Spore Potential of fungi Optimal Conditions • Moderate temperatures • Free water • exception powdery mildew Reproduction • Spores • Spring – sexual spores, initial infection • Growing season – asexual spores, repeating stage • Wind or rain spread Peach Brown Rot

  7. Fungal spore production • Asci (sexual spores) formed in fall and overwinter in debris or bark crevices • Conidia (asexual spores) form throughout the season, numerous Ascocarp types: apothecia, perithecia, cleistothecia

  8. Sexual spores • Ascospores develop in spring • Leaf litter, debris, cankers • Ascospores germinate and infect plants in spring (once per season) • Initial infection • Lesions then begin to produce conidia Peach Brown Rot

  9. Inoculum potential Peach Brown Rot Mummy Peach Bacterial Canker

  10. Asexual spores • Asexual cycle • Inoculum (spores) increases, repeating stage • Sporulation under moderate conditions and high humidity • Some conidia formed in pycnidia or acervuli (sacs) Peach Brown Rot

  11. Sanitation Understanding life cycles of fungi (or bacteria) and removing source of spores. • Rake • Remove old fruit • Prune, remove cankers Raspberry Spur Blight

  12. Cultural practices Air circulation • Optimal conditions • High humidity • Eliminate micro-climates Cherry Leaf Spot

  13. Cultural practices Scouting • Education • Provide sources of information • Ask specialists for newsletter or blog materials Blackberry Orange Rust

  14. Cultural practices • Sanitation • Air circulation • Canopy management • Scouting • Vigor Not just for organics Disease management is not effective without proper cultural practices. Blackberry Anthracnose

  15. When all else fails… Or intensely managed crops

  16. Fungicides • Homeowners purchase • Non-restricted • Small quantities • Cost • Easy to follow instructions • Multi-use • Locally available • Safe (sometimes organic) Strawberry Crown Rot

  17. Limited products Midwest Spray Guides? • Captan • Chlorothalonil • Copper • Lime sulfur • Mancozeb • Myclobutanil • Sulfur • Thiophanate-methyl (Halt no longer available)

  18. What’s in a name? • Trade names change • Trade names can be confusing • Formulations

  19. Active Ingredients Bonide Fungicides: • Captan 50 WP – captan • Fruit Tree Spray – captan • Copper Dust, Liquid concentrate or RTU – Copper • Fungonil concentrate or RTU – chlorothalonil • Fungonil RTS - propiconazole

  20. Formulations Spectracide Fungicides: myclobutanil • Immunox Multi-purpose concentrate • fruit, veggies, nuts, plus ornamentals • Immunox Lawn Disease Control concentrate hose-end • Immunox Lawn Disease Control granules • Immunox 3-in-1 Insect and Disease + Fertilizer • ornamentals • Immunox Plus Insect and Disease Control aerosol • Insect and Disease Control concentrate • No longer available (name change?)

  21. Availability • Ortho – Home Depot, Lowes, Tractor Supply • Spectracide – Lowes • Bonide – Southern States

  22. Availability Immunox Multi-Purpose Fungicide Conc • Only myclobutanil product labeled for fruit and veggies • Lowes (local) no longer carries (available for store pick-up) • We must educate homeowners

  23. education • Don’t use commercial products • Don’t borrow fungicides • Restricted-use • Unmarked • Not labeled for fruit • Insecticides don’t kill fungi • Same active ingredient but different trade name is often not the same product • Surfactants • Label is the law • Provide homeowners with information • Call or email me

  24. organics OMRI or Low Impact? • Copper (surfactant dependent) • Bonide Liquid Copper Conc or RTU • Ferti-lome Natural Guard Copper Soap • Ortho Elementals Garden Dis Control • Southern Ag Liquid Copper • Lime sulfur • BSP Lime-Sulfur Solution • Green Cypress Lime Sulfur (Monterey) • Sulfur • Bonide Sulfur Dust • Safer Garden Fungicide Conc

  25. Spray schedules Simplified for backyards

  26. Apple & Pear • Bud to bloom – 4 applications • Scab, powdery mildew, rust • Petal Fall plus 8 covers • Fruit rots, scab No one fungicide can be used • Fruit tree spray usually contains captan • not effective against all diseases • Resistant cultivars affect priorities Apple Scab

  27. Apple diseases Cedar Apple Rust Canker Bitter Rot

  28. Peach, plum, & Cherry • Dormant • Peach leaf curl, black knot of plum • Bloom plus covers – 8 applications until 3-4 wks before harvest • Scab, brown rot, black knot of plum, cherry leaf spot One fungicide can be used • Fruit tree spray usually contains captan • Usually effective against all diseases

  29. Peach diseases Cherry Leaf Spot Peach Leaf Curl Black Knot

  30. grape • Pre-bloom • Black rot, phomopsis, mildews • Myclobutanil – black rot, powdery mildew • Captan / Mancozeb – black rot, downy mildew, phomopsis • Post-bloom plus 2 covers • Black rot, powdery mildew, downy mildew • 3rd & 4th cover • Downy and powdery Multiple fungicides required Black Rot

  31. Grape diseases Grape Downy Mildew Grape Phomopsis

  32. brambles • Bud break – if disease has been a problem • Anthracnose, cane blight, spur blight Blackberry Anthracnose

  33. Blackberry diseases Raspberry Spur Blight

  34. strawberry • Bloom – if weather is rainy • Fruit rots, leaf spots • After harvest – if required • Leaf spots Strawberry Gray Mold

  35. Strawberry diseases Strawberry Leather Rot Strawberry Anthracnose

  36. Blueberry • Green tip to bloom – 3 applications • Stem cankers and blight if history of disease Blueberry Stem Canker Twig Blight

  37. Blueberry diseases Blueberry Stem Canker

  38. summary • Some fruit require intense management • Preventative sprays • Educate your growers • Diseases identification • Cultural practices • Fungicide labels • Efficacy of fungicides • Contact specialists • Ask questions • Field visits • Educational materials • Diagnostics

  39. Nicole Ward, Extension Specialist Department of Plant Pathology www.ca.uky.edu/agcollege/plantpathology/people/ward.htm nicole.ward@uky.edu 859-218-0720 office 859-797-3333 mobile/text Facebook: www.KYPlantDisease.com UK - Diseases of Fruit Crops, Ornamentals, & Forest Trees Twitter: @Nicole_WardUK Blogger: nicolewarduk.blogspot.com

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