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FC.30 THE BITTER FRUITS OF ROME’S EMPIRE

FC.30 THE BITTER FRUITS OF ROME’S EMPIRE. Rome, still with only a city-state govt., conquers an empire (FC.29). Problems for Roman peasants:. Amateur provincial gov’s . Influx of cheap foreign slaves. Influx of cheap foreign grain. Farms ruined by long wars & extended neglect.

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FC.30 THE BITTER FRUITS OF ROME’S EMPIRE

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  1. FC.30 THE BITTER FRUITS OF ROME’S EMPIRE Rome, still with only a city-state govt., conquers an empire (FC.29) Problems for Roman peasants: Amateur provincial gov’s Influx of cheap foreign slaves Influx of cheap foreign grain Farms ruined by long wars & extended neglect Unpaid  corruption to cover expenses Unsupervised  Can be as corrupt as they want Untrained  Unable to rule well Ruined farmers go to cities Can’t find jobs Become idle mob, selling votes for food rent, & cheap entertainment No prof. bur’s to rule prov’s Auction right to collect taxes to rich MC equites who over tax provinces Prov. govt. made even worse by Two political factions: Optimates who rely on Senate & other nobles for political support Populares who rely on pop. Assemb. & mob for support Giving armies to gov’s who use them to seize power Extortion cts More corruption so gov’s can bribe juries Problems with the army: Inexperienced generals  Military defeats  Need more time to gain exper. Few suitable recruits Low morale & discipline Need professional army Two major reforms: Gen’s recruit mob with promise of landArmy more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Prolonged commands  A few experienced & ambitious generals More scope for long term campaigns Conquer new lands More $ & power for a few gen’ls compared to other senators Period of turmoil & civil wars (FC.31)

  2. Priests (who are also senators) that can declare bad omens & postpone govt. business for that day Consuls & praetors (who are also members of Senate) • Control what laws are proposed to the assemblies, their text, & who gets to discuss them Senate controls popular assemblies through: Comitia Centuriata • Votes on war & peace • Weighted bloc voting to favor those who bear the brunt of the fighting (which used to be the rich) Comitia Tributa; • Votes on laws that only officials (who are also senators) can propose • Open ballots Control votes of their clientes (poor dependants) Senate controls officials who return to Senate after 1-yr terms: Tribunes (who are also members of Senate) • Supposedly protect the poor, propose laws, & can veto any act of state they or the senate want Assign budgets to governors & officials Cursus Honorum The minumum age, number of times, & order one can hold offices: Military tribune quaestor aedile or tribune praetor consul Censors: 2 officials elected every 5 yrs to choose worthy men to fill the Senate to 300 & expel unworthy senators Senate controls various traditional and religious procedures: Senate’s works to maintain its power as a body w/o any of its individual members getting too much power Senate: Advisory body of 300 ex-office holders whose decrees (senatus consulta) are not technically laws but have virtual force of law to: Rule on technical legality of treaties & laws Assign magistrates’ tasks (e.g., which proconsul rules which province & for how long) FC.30A THE FLOW OF POWER IN THE ROMANREPUBLIC Problems of ruling an empire w/city-state govt. & army of short-term amateur officials & militia (FC.30)

  3. FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Rome grants all Italians citizenship Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev.  Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Pompey commands armies w/o 1st holding civil offices Conquers much of E. Medit. Julius Caesar conquers Gaul  Beats Pompey in 2nd Civil War Dictator Senate kills him (44 BCE) By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) Caesar’s nephew & heir, Octavian, & M. Antony win 3rd civil war, vs. Caesar’s assassins (42 B.C.E)  Splits emp. w/Marc Defeats Antony & Cleopatra of Egypt (31 B.C.E) in 4th civil war Replaces senate’s power with 1-man rule known as Principate  Era of the Roman Empire (FC. 32)

  4. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.)

  5. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic?

  6. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire

  7. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest?

  8. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor

  9. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened?

  10. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs

  11. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by?

  12. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment

  13. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement?

  14. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses

  15. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares?

  16. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares)

  17. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae?

  18. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived

  19. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure?

  20. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs

  21. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials?

  22. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office

  23. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors?

  24. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised

  25. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt?

  26. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts

  27. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result?

  28. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption

  29. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.?

  30. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home

  31. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact?

  32. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election

  33. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus?

  34. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship

  35. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work?

  36. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects

  37. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha?

  38. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome

  39. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome?

  40. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.”

  41. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him?

  42. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him? Marius

  43. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him? Marius Q: Marius’ military reforms and their impact on Roman politics?

  44. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him? Marius Q: Marius’ military reforms and their impact on Roman politics? Profess. Army recruited from poor & supplied by the state & given land by their gen’ls after their service-> Loyal to gen’ls-> Civil wars

  45. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him? Marius Q: Marius’ military reforms and their impact on Roman politics? Profess. Army recruited from poor & supplied by the state & given land by their gen’ls after their service-> Loyal to gen’ls-> Civil wars Q: The Social War (91-88 B.C.) and how did the Senate handle it?

  46. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him? Marius Q: Marius’ military reforms and their impact on Roman politics? Profess. Army recruited from poor & supplied by the state & given land by their gen’ls after their service-> Loyal to gen’ls-> Civil wars Q: The Social War (91-88 B.C.) and how did the Senate handle it? Revolt by Italian allies to get Roman citizenship-> Senate gave cit. to Italians who didn’t rebel or quit immediately

  47. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him? Marius Q: Marius’ military reforms and their impact on Roman politics? Profess. Army recruited from poor & supplied by the state & given land by their gen’ls after their service-> Loyal to gen’ls-> Civil wars Q: The Social War (91-88 B.C.) and how did the Senate handle it? Revolt by Italian allies to get Roman citizenship-> Senate gave cit. to Italians who didn’t rebel or quit immediately Q: What about the remaining rebels?

  48. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him? Marius Q: Marius’ military reforms and their impact on Roman politics? Profess. Army recruited from poor & supplied by the state & given land by their gen’ls after their service-> Loyal to gen’ls-> Civil wars Q: The Social War (91-88 B.C.) and how did the Senate handle it? Revolt by Italian allies to get Roman citizenship-> Senate gave cit. to Italians who didn’t rebel or quit immediately Q: What about the remaining rebels? Finished off by Marius & Sulla

  49. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him? Marius Q: Marius’ military reforms and their impact on Roman politics? Profess. Army recruited from poor & supplied by the state & given land by their gen’ls after their service-> Loyal to gen’ls-> Civil wars Q: The Social War (91-88 B.C.) and how did the Senate handle it? Revolt by Italian allies to get Roman citizenship-> Senate gave cit. to Italians who didn’t rebel or quit immediately Q: What about the remaining rebels? Finished off by Marius & Sulla Q: Who was Mithridates?

  50. Review on the later Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) Q: Rome's basic problem in the late Republic? City-state trying to rule an empire Q: 3 problems Roman peasants faced after wars of conquest? Ruined farms, influx of cheap grain & slave labor Q: Where did they go & what happened? Cities where they found slaves had taken most of the jobs Q: How did they get by? Gave nobles polit. support in return for food, rent, & cheap entertainment Q: What was the term for this arrangement? Bread and circuses Q: Optimates and Populares? 2 main polit. factions supported by rich (Optimates) & poor (Populares) Q: What were insulae? Big apartment blocs where poor lived Q: How did the Senatorial nobles control the following? - Voting procedure? Bloc voting w/rich getting more blocs - Elected officials? They went back to Senate after their year in office Q: 3 problems of provincial governors? Unpaid, untrained, & unsupervised Q: Who were the equites & their function in govt? Rome’s rich middle class who bought state contracts Q: Tax farming & its result? Selling the right to collect taxes in provinces-> Corruption Q: The Roman army after 200 B.C.? Low morale & training due to long terms away from home Q: Tiberius Gracchus & his impact? Tribune who by-passed Senate to pass a land bill for the poor-> Expropriated treasury of Pergamum to finance the resettlement-> Killed in a riot over his attempt at re-election Q: Gaius Gracchus? Tribune who got cheap grain for the poor & gave equites control of extortion courts -> Killed in a riot over his attempt to give the Italians Roman citizenship Q: How well did equites’ control of extortion courts work? Equites threatened Senatorial governors w/ prosecution in the extortion courts if they didn’t let equites overtax provincial subjects Q: Who or what was Jugurtha? Numidian king in N. Africa who fought Rome Q: Jugurtha’s famous quote about Rome? “The city’s life is for sale & it would kill itself if it could find a buyer.” Q: Who defeated him? Marius Q: Marius’ military reforms and their impact on Roman politics? Profess. Army recruited from poor & supplied by the state & given land by their gen’ls after their service-> Loyal to gen’ls-> Civil wars Q: The Social War (91-88 B.C.) and how did the Senate handle it? Revolt by Italian allies to get Roman citizenship-> Senate gave cit. to Italians who didn’t rebel or quit immediately Q: What about the remaining rebels? Finished off by Marius & Sulla Q: Who was Mithridates? King of Pontus who attacked Romans in E. while Rome was preoccupied w/Social War.

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