ROME

1. ROME ROME

2. Founding of Rome • Romulus & Remus • Legendary founder of Rome. • Abandoned twin sons of Mars (god of war) nursed to health by a wolf, then raised by a shepherd. • Romulus eventually killed Remus and would become the first king of Rome. • Rome was named in honor of Romulus

3. Romulus and Remus

4. Early People of Italian Peninsula • Latins: first distinct group of people on the peninsula. Occupied west central plains around mid-700’s BC • Greeks: several Greek city-states located in southern Italy. Greek way of life had an influence on Roman society • Etruscans: Came into Italy from the north and conquered the Latins in the late 600’s BC. Ruled firmly for 100 years. • Latins and Etruscans eventually come together to become Romans.

5. Etruscan Artifacts • Chimera • Apollo

6. Strategic Location • Rome is located atop 7 hills along the banks of the Tiber River, about 15 miles inland from the coast. • Helped protect Rome from Sea Invasions • Gave Rome economic advantages. • River is naturally shallow at this spot and easily crossed • Made the area a viable trade route • Most Italian trade routes intersected here

7. Seven Hills of Rome

8. Early Roman Government • Roman aristocracy overthrew the last Etruscan king in 509 BC. • Aristocracy established the Roman Republic • Republic: a form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state • Only male citizens could vote

9. Early Roman Government • Senate: most important governing body in Rome. Senate has 300 members, controlled public funds, determined foreign policy, & acted as a court. Could also elect a dictator for a six month period • Popular Assemblies: several existed across Rome. Citizens voted on Senate bills and others carried out judicial roles • Tribunes: elected official on an assembly

10. Early Roman Government • Magistrates: various government officials who governed in the name of Rome • Consuls: Two people elected for one year terms. Ran the government and military. Consuls could veto each other’s actions • Veto: Latin word for “I forbid” • Checks and Balances: division of power to ensure that no part of government becomes too powerful. • The veto power is an example of checks and balances

11. Conflict of the Orders • In 509 BC, Rome was divided into two main social classes • Patricians: powerful aristocratic class organized into clans that ran the government • Plebeians: all other citizens. Could not participate in government. Did not know the laws of Rome because the Patricians had not written them down • Plebeians rose up and forced the Patricians to write down the laws • TWELVE TABLES: In 405 BC, Roman politicians engraves tablets containing the laws of Rome

12. Extending the Roman Republic • By 265 BC, Rome controlled all of Italy south of the Rubicon River.

13. The Army • Roman law stated that every adult male that owned land must serve in the military. • Discipline was strict and enforced by the soldiers • Legion: most important unit of the Roman army. 4,500 to 6,000 men • Soldiers were called LEGIONAIRES • Wise Policies: Romans shared citizenship with the people they conquered. • Made treaties and alliances with distant cities

14. RELIGION • Very similar to Greek Religion. Same gods with same duties, just different names. • Paid a lot of respect to ancestors. • Jupiter…………………………………..Zeus • Juno…………………………………….Hera • Minerva…………………………………Athena • Neptune…………………………………Poseidon • Venus……………………………………Aphrodite

15. PUNIC WARS • Three separate wars • ROME vs. CARTHAGE • Carthage was a major Mediterranean Empire. • Remnant city-state of the Phoenician Empire that once ruled the seas of the Mediterranean. • After the decline of the Phoenicians, Carthage remained a prominent force in the Mediterranean. • Located on the coast of North Africa.

17. First Punic War • 264—241 BC • Romans built a Navy based on the design of a captured Carthaginian ship. • Used land fighting tactics to fight at sea. • Used portable bridges of board Carthaginian ships and fight hand to hand. • ROME won First Punic War • Carthage was forced to give up the island of Sicily.

18. Second Punic War • 218—202 BC • Carthaginian General HANNIBAL marched through Spain and Gaul and crossed the Alps to invade Rome.

19. Hannibal’s Invasion

20. Second Punic War • Hannibal had a large army, many died from the journey. • Brought hundreds of elephants and horses • Invaded Italy from the North, and caused destruction across Roman countryside. • Never invaded the city of Rome • Never lost a battle while in Rome • Vowed to his father that he would see Rome burn • Ultimately, his campaign was a failure, because he was never able to invade the city of Rome.

21. Second Punic War • Since the Romans knew they couldn’t defeat Hannibal’s army, their plan was to outlast him. • They succeeded. • In 202 BC, Hannibal was forced to leave Rome to protect the city of Carthage from Roman invaders.

22. Second Punic War • Roman General SCIPIO took a large army to Carthage with plans to siege the city. • Hannibal and Scipio’s armies met at the BATTLE OF ZAMA. • Scipio and his army defeated Hannibal.

23. Depiction of War Elephants used by Carthage

24. War Elephants

25. Second Punic War • Results of Roman Victory • Fortified Rome’s dominance in the Mediterranean Region • Carthage was forced to give up all lands in Spain. • (Hannibal was from the Carthage held lands in Spain)

26. Conquest of Greece • Macedonia allied themselves with Carthage during the Second Punic War. • In 197 BC, Rome declared war on Macedonia and conquered the region in that year

27. Third Punic War • 149—146 BC • Rome decided to rid themselves of Carthage for good • Laid siege to the city of Carthage • Carthage fell in 146 BC • Roman soldiers salted the fields around Carthage to make the soil infertile before they returned to Rome

28. Results of the Punic Wars • Rome now held complete control of the Mediterranean Region

30. TEST ONE

31. THE ROMAN EMPIRE • The Gracchi Brothers • Tiberius and Gaius • Among the first to attempt governmental reform in Rome • Roman Senate had become inadequate to rule all expanding territories. • The Gracchi brothers argued that changes must be made

32. Tiberius Gracchus • Elected tribune in 133 BC • His ideas for reform • Limit the amount of land that Senators could use for personal benefit • Proposed to move jobless citizens to newly confiscated lands • Because of his radical ideas, a mob of Roman Senators clubbed Tiberius to death.

33. Gaius Gracchus • Elected Tribune in 123 BC • His ideas • Proposed to use public funds to buy grain • Sell the grain to the poor for no profit • He was also murdered by a mob of Senators

34. The Gracchus Brothers • Why are these two brothers so important? • B/C their violent deaths marked the end of the respect for law by the Senators of Rome. • This was a turning point in Roman History • VIOLENCE WAS NOW THE PRIMARY WAY TO ADVANCE ONE’S POLITICAL IDEAS

35. The Gracchus Brothers

36. Social War • Other Italian cities wanted the same advantages of the people that lived in the city of Rome • The Senate refused: Only those in the city of Rome could be in the Senate • In 90 BC, the Italian cities rebelled against Rome • Rome eventually won a bloody civil war • Result was that the Senate agreed to allow people from other cities to be elected to the Senate

37. MARIUS • Replaced the drafted army of Rome with a volunteer army • Paid his soldiers and offered them a retirement to those that served him faithfully • Elected Consul in 107 BC • B/C of his reforms, armies became extremely loyal to their commanders

38. SULLA • Elected Consul in 88 BC • After his term expired, he marched on Rome and started a civil war • Sulla won • He executed hundred of his political enemies • Ruled as Dictator from 82—79 BC • Added 300 Senators to the Senate • Eventually turned power back over to the Senate

39. The First Triumvirate • Triumvirate means “rule of three” • First Triumvirate was made up of three roman generals • Gaius Pompey • Licinnius Crassus • Julius Caesar • Formed in 60 BC and helped Caesar get elected Consul of Rome in 59 BC

40. First Triumvirate

41. JULIUS CAESAR • Nephew of Marius • Elected Consul in 59 BC • Popular with the Roman people • Organized the First Triumvirate to protect himself against enemies in the Senate

42. JULIUS CAESAR • Obtained power and popularity in Rome by being Military Commander in Gaul • Waged a ten year war against the Gauls and eventually brought Gaul under Roman control • Excellent military commander and organizer • Kept detailed accounts of his efforts in the war on the Gauls • First military commander to do this

43. JULIUS CAESAR • Crassus dies in battle in 53 BC • Pompey grew jealous of Caesar’s fame and convinced the Senate to elect him sole consul of Rome in 52 BC • Pompey then ordered Caesar to return to Rome without his army • In response…Caesar marched his army on Rome in 49 BC • Pompey fled allowing Caesar to assume control of Rome

44. JULIUS CAESAR • After securing his power in Rome, Caesar set his sights on Pompey • Pompey had fled to Greece • The two armies met in Greece • Caesar won the battle and Pompey fled to Egypt • Caesar caught up to Pompey in Alexandria, Egypt

45. JULIUS CAESAR • Caesar beheaded Pompey on the beach in Alexandria

46. JULIUS CAESAR • While in Alexandria, Caesar met Cleopatra • Cleopatra VII had just been deposed from her Egyptian throne by her younger brother Ptolemy • She begged Caesar’s help • Caesar agreed • In 46 BC, Cleopatra returned to her Egyptian throne with the help of Julius Caesar

47. JULIUS CAESAR • Upon his return to Rome, the Senate bestowed a new title on Caesar • Dictator for Life • While in power, Caesar increased the number of Senators to 900. • He established a 365 ¼ day calendar

48. DEATH OF CAESAR • Established Senators formed a conspiracy against Caesar • Gaius Cassius Longinus • Marcus Brutus • MARCH 15, 44 BC; The IDES OF MARCH • Senators stabbed Julius Caesar to death on the steps of the Senate building

49. Julius Caesar • Caesar’s corpse on the steps of the Senate building