Weed Control in Evergreens and Tough Weeds

1. Weed Control in Evergreens and Tough Weeds Randall H. Zondag The Ohio State University Extension-Lake County Ohio Nursery Short Course – January 2013

2. Information on this Program • My Website : http//lake.osu.edu • Links Weather stations Pest Management Information Programs

4. Factors to Consider in Controlling Weeds • What stage of the life cycle should they be controlled? • When do they reproduce? • When are seeds dormant, germinating or emerging? • What options do I have for control?

5. Site Preparation • Herbicide • Cover crops • Cultivation • Mowing • Burning

6. Major Categories of Herbicides • An herbicide is a substance used to kill unwanted plants • Pre emergence : • Pre-plant incorporated - herbicides are soil applied prior to planting and mechanically incorporated into the soil • Post emergence : • Contact herbicides - destroy only the plant tissue in contact with the chemical • Systemic herbicides - are translocated through the plant, either from foliar application down to the roots, or from soil application up to the leaves • Selective herbicides • Non-selective herbicides

7. Considerations In Selecting Vegetation Control • Type of vegetation to control • Desired plants to protect • Lay of the land • Water present( ponds, rivers) • How many times can you treat • What equipment will you use

10. Herbicide Mode of Action Systemic Contact Root Absorbed

12. Preemergence herbicides • Simazine/Princep (simazine) • Pendulum (pendimethalin) • Surflan (oryzalin) • Kerb (pronamide) • Oust (sulfometuron methyl) • Goal (oxyflourfen) • BARRICADE, formerly FACTOR (prodiamine, 65 WDG) • DEVRINOL (napropamide) • GALLERY 75DF (isoxaben) • RONSTAR (oxadiazon) • SUREGUARD flumioxazin • Caseron dichlobenil • Pennant Magnum • Tower dimethenamid –P • Marengo – Indazafan • Atrazine • Karmax Diuron

13. Preemergence

18. Preemergence Cool Season Application

20. Postemergence herbicides • Stinger (clopyralid) • Roundup and other glyphosate products • 2,4-D • Tordon • Garlon 3A(triethylamine salt of triclopyr) • BASAGRAN T/O (bentazon) • Paraquat • Finale (glufosinate ammonium) • Scythe (pelargonic acid) • Vanquish (dicamba)

21. Grass Control • Envoy • Vantage • Fusilade • Segment

22. Translocated • Vantage, Poast sethoxydim translocated selective for grasses • Envoy clethodim translocated selective for grasses • Fusilade fluazifop-p-butyl translocated selective for grasses • Roundup glyphosate translocated nonselective • Basagran bentazon translocated nutsedge • Manage halosulfuron translocated nutsedge • Lontrel clopyralid translocated composites and legumes • Many labels 2,4-D translocated selective for broadleaf weeds

25. Contacts Finale glufosinate contact nonselective Gramoxone paraquat contact nonselective Reward diquat contact nonselective Goal oxyfluorfen contact nonselective Scythe pelargonic acid contact nonselective

27. Fumigants

29. Granular Combinations

32. Soil Mobility • 2,4-D acid Moderate • 2,4-D dimethylamine salt Moderate • 2,4-D esters or oil sol. amines Moderate • Benefin Extremely Low • Bentazon sodium salt High • Bromacil acid Very High • Bromacil lithium salt Very High • Clopyralid amine salt Very High • Dicamba salt Very High • Dichlobenil Moderate • Dichlorprop (2,4-DP) ester Low • Diquat dibromide salt Extremely Low • Diuron Moderate • Fenoxaprop-ethyl Extremely Low • Fluazifop-P-butyl Very Low • Fosamine ammonium Low • Glufosinate ammonium salt Low • Glyphosate isopropylamine salt Extremely Low • Hexazinone Very High • Imazapyr acid High

33. Soil Mobility • Imazapyr isopropylamine salt High • Imazaquin acid Very High • Imazethapyr Very High • Isoxaben Low • Mefluidide Low • Metolachlor High • Metsulfuron-methyl High • Norflurazon Low • Oryzalin Low • Oxyfluorfen Extremely Low • Paclobutrazol High • Paraquat dichloride salt Extremely Low

34. Soil Mobility • Pendimethalin Very Low • Picloram salt Very High • Prodiamine Extremely Low • Prometon Very High • Quizalofop-ethyl Moderate • Sethoxydim Low • Simazine High • Sodium chlorate Very High • Sulfometuron-methyl Moderate • Tebuthiuron Very High • Triclopyr amine salt Very High • Triclopyr ester Low • Trifluralin Very Low

35. Mobile in the soil • Bromacil acid Very High • Bromacil lithium salt Very High • Clopyralid amine salt Very High • Dicamba salt Very High • Hexazinone Very High • Imazapyr acid High • Imazapyr isopropylamine salt High • Imazaquin acid Very High • Imazethapyr Very High • Metolachlor High • Metsulfuron-methyl High • Paclobutrazol • Picloram salt • Prometon • Simazine High • Sodium chlorate • Tebuthiuron Very High • Triclopyr amine salt

37. Do You Match the Herbicide to the Field Environment. • Rates to soil types • Proper time of application and rates • Proper stage of plant growth • Did the product need to be incorporated? How?

38. If You Disturbed the Soil with Cultivation. Preemergence form a layer 1 to2 inches on the soil surface. Few of these products can be disturbed and stay active.

39. You Failed to Incorporate the Herbicide with Cultivation or Irrigation. Many preemergence herbicides require up to ¾ inches of water to be activated.

40. You Applied the Herbicide to Sites Where Weeds May Have Already Emerged or Gone to Seed.

41. Poor Coverage.

42. What are Some Features • of Good Soils ? • Drains well, soaks up rain with little runoff • Warms quickly in the spring • Doesn’t crust after planting • Resists erosion and nutrient loss • Supports healthy population of soil life • Doesn’t require heavy fertilizer for high yields'

43. Water

44. well water table unsaturated zone surface water Aquifer (saturated zone) fractured bedrock gravel

45. Rate at Which Water Moves in the Soil Soil Types Infiltration rates (inches/hour) Sand >0.8 Sandy &silty soils 0.4 to 0.8 Loams 0.2 to 0.4 Clay soils 0.04 to 0.2

48. If I Dig a 40 Inch Ball How Much Soil Have I Removed ? • 8.7 square feet surface area • 2 feet deep • 17.4 cubic feet of soil • $0.143 per cubic foot • Total $2.49

49. How Big Does a Ball Have To Be ? 20 inches or less in diameter 75% of diameter 20 inch ball should be at least 15 inches deep 20 to 30 inch diameter balls no less than 2/3 or 66 2/3% 30 inch ball about 20 inches deep 30 to 48 inch diameter ball no less than 60% or 3/5 of diameter 40 inch ball should be no less than 24 inches deep

50. How Is Your Soil Worth ? • 43560 square feet in a acre • 4 foot digging depth = 174240 cubic feet • $10,000 per acre at 10% interest • 15 year digging time • Cost per cubic foot of greenhouse $0.143 per acre .