Chapter 4: Bonds of Empire

1. Chapter 4: Bonds of Empire 1660-1750

2. 13 Colonies • Chesapeake • Maryland 1634 • Virginia (1607 )1619 • South Carolina 1670 • From Barbados • North Carolina 1653 • Georgia 1732 • Direct financial support from London • Defensive buffer • Full of debtors • Middle • Pennsylvania (1643) 1681 • Delaware 1702 • Separate assembly granted by Penn • New York (1614) 1664 • English take over • New Jersey (1633) 1674 • Split off of New York • New England • Massachusetts 1620 • Rhode Island 1635/1636 • Connecticut 1636 • Thomas Hooker • New Hampshire (1623) 1679 • Last in NE • Originally part of Mass. Bay

3. Restoration, 1660-1713 • Royal Centralization, 1660-1688 • Restoration Monarchy, Charles II • Wanted absolute monarchy • Did not call Parliament to meet • Direct control of colonies • New York • Assemblies forbidden to meet • Army officers appt. to governor • New England resistant • 1661 Mass. Assembly declared exempt from all royal decrees/laws • Ignored Navigation Acts • Mass punished by Charles carving out New Hampshire in 1679 • Charter revoked 1684, royal colony • James II • 1686 creates the Dominion of New England, one single governor • 1688 added NJ and NY • All legislatures ceased to exist • Colonists bitter over denial of rights • Andros • Limited town meetings to one annually • Enforced toleration and Navigation Acts • Puts Catholics in office, mainly NY

4. England’s Monarchs Charles II James II

5. Glorious Revolution, 1688-1689 • Fears in England/America • Monarchy sympathetic to Catholics • James son baptized Catholic • Bloodless Revolution • James’ daughter Mary and husband William lead revolution with Dutch army 1688 • Royal army defected, James in exile • William and Mary create limited monarchy, parliament meets • England’s Bill of Rights 1689 • Dismantling of Dominion of NE • Andros arrested April 18, 1689 • Power to elect govs restored • Right to have rep. assembly • Limits • Crown appt. Mass. Gov. • Property criteria for voting not church membership • Toleration of other Puritans • Leisler’s Rebellion • City militia seized harbor (NY) • Capt. Leisler took command • Repaired harbor, called for elections • England arrested Leisler • Treason, people outraged • Maryland • John Coode/ Protestant Assoc. • Seized capital 1689 • Removed all Catholics from office • Catholics lost right to vote, had to worship in private

7. Revolutionary Events • Changed Political Climate • Reestablished legislatures • Ensured religious freedom for Protestants • Dismantled Dominion of New England • Encouraged assemblies to work with royal & proprietary govs • Foundation laid for an empire based on voluntary allegiance • Good relationship between colonies and New England • A Generation of War, 1689-1713 • King William’s War 1689 • NY and NE invaded New France • Cruel border wars • Iroquois suffered, pop down 20% • Grand Settlement 1701 • Queen Anne’s War 1713 • War of Spanish Succession • Consequences • Colonists forced to acknowledge military weakness and dependence on England

8. Mercantilism and the Empire • Principles of Mercantilism • Increase wealth (stores of gold in treasury) of the parent country • Wealth is the basis of military and political strength • Colonies exist to help the mother country become self-sufficient and create a favorable balance of trade • Acts of Trade and Navigation 1650- 1673 • Trade can only take place on British ships • All goods imported to the colonies must pass through British ports (except some perishables) • “Enumerated” or specified goods could only be shipped to England

9. Mercantilism and the Empire C. Impact on the Colonies 1. Positives – 1) New England shipping prospers 2) Chesapeake tobacco has a monopoly in England 3) English military protects colonies from Spanish and French attacks 2. Negatives - 1) limits colonial manufacturing 2) Chesapeake farmer receive lower prices 3) Colonists have to pay high prices for goods from England 3. Consequences 1) not necessary and sets bad relationship 2) consumer revolution in America

10. Immigration • Reasons – immigration (both forced and voluntary) and high birth rate • European Immigrants – varied motives, mostly settling in middle colonies • English – came in fewer numbers due to increasing stability at home • Germans – maintained culture and took little interest in English politics • Scotch-Irish – little respect for British gov’t due to past turmoil • Other Europeans - Huguenots (French Protestants), Dutch, and Swedes

11. Immigration • New England • Less immigration • Limited land/ difficult frontier • Shift away from towns to individual towns • Didn’t need church membership to own land anymore • Rise of Boston • Trade/ shipbuilding • Social hierarchy developed • Yankee traders new symbol of New England • Middle Colonies • Diverse population • Germans • French Invasions, bad economic conditions, Lutheran/Amish • Scots-Irish • Militant Presbyterians, clannish, fleeing droughts/crops • Walking Purchase, 1737 • Negotiated, less conflict • High standard of living • Widespread prosperity • “breadbasket” • Philadelphia • Center of wheat trade • By 1776, 2nd largest city • Merchant dominated (Quakers) • Ben Franklin example

13. Immigration • Southern Colonies • By 1770 2x pop of NE and Middle Colonies • Huge slave population • Two agricultural zones: • Upper South • Chesapeake • Tobacco • White majority • Lower South • Carolina/ GA • Rice/Indigo • Black Majority

14. Population Growth • Africans • Largest single group of immigrants • Held majorities in SC and GA • Also resided in North as slaves or free wage earners, but still subject to discriminatory laws • Increased demand for slaves • Reduced English migration • Bacon’s Rebellion and other political demands • Falling tobacco prices, growth of rice and indigo

15. Slavery • Wages • Poor living conditions • Carolina- Task system • Chesapeake- Gang system • Stono Rebellion, 1739 • 20 blacks seized guns and ammo • Headed for Spanish FL • Burned plantations, killed 20 whites (men, women + kids) • Militia finally crushed rebellion • Consequences • Led to strict SC legislation to ensure control • become stricter as time progresses, ensuring bondage for life

17. Structure of Colonial Society • General Characteristics • Dominance of English Culture • Self-government • Religious Toleration (to varying degrees) • No hereditary aristocracy • Social Mobility

18. Structure of Colonial Society • The Family • Expanding economy and food supply • Higher standard of living than in Europe • Landowning reserved for males • Unlimited power to husband • Women – average 8 children, responsible for home and children’s education • Shared labors and mutual dependence ensured stabile family life

19. Colonial Society • Rural • Most owned just enough to farm • No land for kids to inherit • Women had limited rights • Self-sufficient • Urban Paradox • Problems • Only 4% of population • Declining opportunity • Why? • Mainly poor immigrants arriving • High pop density/ poor sanitation • Recessions • Urban poverty • Wealth highly concentrated • Colonial Farmers/ Environment • Deforestation • No crop rotation= depleted fields • Rising Colonial Elite • Mercantilism leads to more wealth • Richest 2% owns 15% of property • Acted “British”

20. Colonial Society • NE • Rocky soil/ long winters • Subsistence farming • Puritan descendants: logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum-distilling • Middle Colonies • Rich soil • Wheat/corn • Indentured servants • Small manufacturing/iron making • Southern Colonies • Varied climate= varied farm sizes • Cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigo • Slave labor • Monetary System • English limited hard currency • Had to be used to pay for imports • Issued paper money for domestic trade • Led to inflation • Transportation • Easier by water • Trading centers located on water • Role of Taverns • Food/lodging and social centers • Postal System • Used horses and water routes

21. Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750 • France / Native Americans • Focused on Louisiana, 1718 • Founded New Orleans as capital • Allies with Choctaws • Dismal life • Bad economy/ depended on self-sufficiency and trade • “Illinois better off” • Exported wheat • Remote location • Expanded trade in Ohio Valley • British / Native Americans • Conflict • Carolina • Trade in Indian slaves led to violence • 1711-1713 Tuscarora • Result 1/5 killed or enslaved • Migrated north, joined 5 Nations • 1715 Yamasse • French encouraged Yamassee and Creek Indians to attack English Settlements • English get Cherokee help • North • Iroquois allies with English • Covenant Chain • Grew powerful • Mutual agreement

22. Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750 • British Expansion in GA • Authorized 1732 • Purchased by Oglethorpe • Refuge for honest debtors • Subsidized by British gov’t • Founded Savannah 1733 • Outlawed slavery • No land holdings over 500 acres • Low migration= lift on slavery ban • Economy then flourished • Spain’s Tenacity • Repopulate Santa Fe • Livestock ranches, clustered • Texas • Counter French influence • San Antonio • Lack of security/ Indians • Florida • Freedom for English slaves • Low population • Return of War, 1739-1748 • 1739 War of Jenkins Ear • Britain attacks Spain • FL/GA border war • 1740 King George’s War • One major battle, Louisbourg • Consequences • Treaty angered colonists

23. Public Life in British America, 1689-1750 • Colonial Politics • Most imp. political result of Glorious Revolution was shift away from royal govs to representative colonial assemblies • Assemblies • Controlled by people • Mini “House of Commons” • After Bill of Rights, want to limit gov’s rights • Lower Houses • Controlled govs salaries • Basically self-governing • Elite dominated • Built strong power bases • 1720- won right to initiate legislation • Tax laws/ public spending • Who could vote? • NE • Any voter eligible • Elsewhere • 80% of whites barred • Must own 1,000 acres • Women/non-whites • No voting rights • Zenger Trial • Competitive political life developed • New York, 1733 • Bitter battle over govs • New York Weekly Journal • Libel/ Peter Zenger • Encouraged political discussion • Truth sufficient evidence in libel case • Freedom of speech

24. Cultural Life • Arts and Sciences • Architecture • 1740s, 1750s • Georgian Style • Frontier • One-room cabins • Painting • Benjamin West • John Copley • Literature • Religious mainly • Pre-Revolutionary • Ben Franklin • Poor Richard’s Almanack • Education • New England • 1st tax-supported schools • Law 1647 for primary schools for boys • Middle Colonies • Church or private sponsored • Southern Colonies • Limited • Plantations - tutors • Higher Education • 1746-1769 influx of colleges • Professions • Physicians • Lawyers

25. Protestant Dominance • Dominance • Two established churches in early colonies • Church of England (Anglican)- Virginia • Congregational Church- Massachusetts Bay/ Conn. • Policies changed on tax-supported churches • Anglicans • Propserous farmers/ merchants in NY • Plantation owners in VA/Carolinas • Absence of leadership = hampered development • Headed by King • Congregationalists • Mainly in NE • Critics thought ministers were domineering and its doctrine overly complex

26. Enlightenment • Ideals • Human reason/scientific knowledge • Encouraged people to think for themselves, challenge reason • People • Isaac Newton, 1687 • Gravity/ natural laws • Ben Franklin • Embodied American Enlightenment • Mulit-talented • American Philosophical Society, 1743 • Discussed nature, better society • John Locke • 1690 “Essay concerning human understanding” • “rational” religion, deism • Reason rather than the bible • Franklin- religion’s value lays in its encouragement of virtue and morality • Great Awakening • 1737-1738 outbreak of diphtheria • Reminded of fragile life • 1739 Revivalism • Cut across gender, race, class • Unleashed anxieties • Charismatic ministers • Religious fervor • People • Jonathon Edwards, 1735 • Led revival • Reemphasized traditional Puritan doctrines • William Tennant (NJ) • Dramatized spiritual rebirth • God’s miraculous powers • George Whitfield, 1739 • Most famous • From England • American Tour • Massive crowds, followers

27. Religious Impacts -Emotionalism -Rise of new denominations (Methodists and Baptists) -New colleges to train ministers -Studying the Bible at home -Ministers lose some authority - “Old lights” vs. “New lights” Religion • The Great Awakening • Before • Long intellectual sermons • Emphasis on God as creator of a perfectly ordered universe • Characteristics of the Great Awakening • -Jonathan Edwards/”Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” • George Whitfield • Emphasis on sinfulness and damnation • Salvation necessary by God’s grace • Political Impacts • -Affects every social class • -First large-scale movement of the American people • -Growth of distinctly American culture/unity • Changing ideas of authority • Forerunner to Revolutionary thinking

28. Colleges • 1746-1769 • College of New Jersey • Princeton • 1746 • Presbyterian • King’s College • Columbia • 1754 • Anglican • Rhode Island College • Brown • 1764 • Baptist • Queen’s College • Rutgers • 1766 • Dutch Reformed • Dartmouth College • 1769 • Congregationalist

29. Setting the Stage • By 1750, British colonies prosperous and established representative governments and had upper/middle class participating in the Enlightenment • Torn by class, race, religious tensions • Imperial wars fought with British both drew colonists closer to mother colony and sparked resentments