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PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY. Scientific study of: Human Behavior (Actions) Cognition (Thoughts) Affect (Feelings) Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist? Psychiatrist = Medical Doctor (MD) Psychologist = PhD, Master’s level. PSYCHOLOGY INCLUDES:. Perspectives On: Instincts Genetics Learning Development.

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PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. PSYCHOLOGY • Scientific study of: • Human Behavior (Actions) • Cognition (Thoughts) • Affect (Feelings) • Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist? • Psychiatrist = Medical Doctor (MD) • Psychologist = PhD, Master’s level

  2. PSYCHOLOGY INCLUDES: • Perspectives On: • Instincts • Genetics • Learning • Development

  3. PSYCHOLOGY – EARLY ROOTS • Philosophy • Thinking about thinking • Aristotle – theories about learning, emotion, motivation, etc.

  4. BIRTH OF PSYCHOLOGY - 1879 • Wilhelm Wundt (Germany) • Established the 1st psychology laboratory • 1st Experiments: measured time lag between hearing a sound and hitting a button • Emphasis on introspection • Examining one’s own emotions and mental processes

  5. PSYCHOLOGY BEGINNINGS • William James • Wrote Principles of Psychology (1890) • 1st widely recognized text of Psychology • Introspective examination of stream of consciousness and emotion

  6. PSYCHOLOGY BEGINNINGS • Sigmund Freud (early 1900s) • Psychoanalysis: Treating pathology through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst • Theories on personality and the unconscious mind • Defense mechanisms (e.g., repression)

  7. BEHAVIORISM (1920-1960) Science viewed as rooted in observations • Rejected introspection • Can’t observe feelings and thoughts • CAN observe people’s behavior (objective) Famous Behaviorists: • John B. Watson • Little Albert Study • B.F. Skinner • Studied how consequences shape behavior • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AepqpTtKbwo

  8. HINDSIGHT BIAS • “Hindsight is 20/20” • After learning the outcome of a situation, we tend to believe that we knew what would happen all along

  9. SCIENCE INCLUDES: • Theory • Organizes and links observed facts • Puts forth hypotheses that can be tested • Hypothesis • A prediction that can be tested • Observation • Identification/Description • Experimental Investigation: • Scientific Method

  10. Observations & Descriptions of Behavior • Case Study • Freud • Oliver Sacks – Neurologist • Study one individual in great depth • Hope is to gain information that can apply to all (or many) of us • Survey • Many cases but less depth • People report their behaviors or opinions • Wording effects • Random Sample most accurate (each member of the population of interest has equal chance of being included)

  11. Observations & Descriptions of Behavior • Naturalistic Observation • Watching & recording behavior in a natural environment • Informed Consent Issue • Jane Goodall – Chimpanzee observations • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHO3Eo6mMy4

  12. CORRELATION VS CAUSE/EFFECT • Correlation: Relationship of two or more variables. • No Correlation • Positive- Both variables change in same way • Negative- Both variables change in different ways • Does not Demonstrate Causality

  13. No Correlation

  14. Positive Correlation Time increases & jump height increases

  15. Negative Correlation Temperature decreases as elevation increases

  16. (1) Low self-esteem Depression or (2) Depression could cause Low self-esteem or Low self-esteem (3) Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause and Depression CORRELATION AND CAUSATION • Three possible cause-effect relations could cause

  17. THE EXPERIMENT • Experiment: one or more factor is manipulated to observe the effect • Groups • Experimental (receives the treatment) • Control • Placebo (e.g., sugar pill) • Random Assignment – helps rule out alternative explanations • Double Blind Procedure • Both researchers & participants are “blind” about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo • Clever Hans (http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/11479-animal-intelligence-clever-hans-the-horse-video.htm)

  18. Experimentation • Independent Variable • the experimental factor that is manipulated • the variable whose effect is being studied • Dependent Variable • the experimental factor that is being measured • in psychology it is usually a behavior or mental process • may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable • REMEMBER: Correlational studies uncover naturally occurring relationships. Experiments manipulate a factor to determine its effect.

  19. Examples: Independent Variables (IV) & Dependent Variables (DV) Researchers want to examine the effect of a positive behavior program on rates of referrals to the principal’s office. IV? DV? A significant difference was found in the graduation rates of at-risk high-school seniors who participated in an intensive study program when compared to at-risk high-school seniors who did not participate in the intensive study program. IV? DV?

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