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Intensive tillage, soil erosion and insufficient added residues. Aggregates break down. Soil organic matter decreased. Increased erosion by wind and water. Surface becomes compacted, crust forms. Less soil water storage, less diversity of soil organism, fewer nutrients for plants.
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Intensive tillage, soil erosion and insufficient added residues Aggregates break down Soil organic matter decreased Increased erosion by wind and water Surface becomes compacted, crust forms Less soil water storage, less diversity of soil organism, fewer nutrients for plants More soil organic matter is lost Crop yields are reduced Hunger and malnutrition Figure 1.1 The downward spiral of soil degradation. Modified from Topp et al., 1995.