Immigration/Immigrants

1. Immigration/Immigrants Week 3-5

3. Immigration: International Perspectives • 214 million outside homeland • “push”/”pull’ reasons • Globalization+Environment+Overpop+Politics • Transmigration/circular migration/nonlinear • South to south migration • A world system not domestic focus • Not fixed field of location but complex dynamics of flows and connections involving many actors, at diff levels, across diff domain

4. Canada = Immigration Society • Canada = Immigration Society

5. Who Got In: Historical Themes • From racist, exclusionary to open + colour blind -pt system 1960s • Who to keep out to who to let in - 1978 Immigration Act • Source Countries - from Europe to Asia • Contested – business, labour, govt, Empire • Practical – labour market + sustained ec. growth/human capital - agr > resource extraction > knowledge economy

7. Who Gets In? • Annual Flows - 250 000 average (281,000 in 2010) - why? Sustained economic growth or electoral politics • Class of Entry - Family, Economic, Refugee • Customizing Entry - Permanent citizens vs temporary workers - federal + provincial (PNP) - “29” - model migrants - Canadian Experience Class - international students - Temporary workers

8. Admission Class

9. Point systems for federal skilled workers • Points for entry - 25 Education - 24 language - 21 work experience - 10 arranged employment - 10 age - 10 adaptability • PASS = 67 • Quebec = different system

11. Annual immigration to the United States: 2002–2006 • All New Lawful Permanent Residents 1 000 000 • Employer sponsored 163 000 • Family sponsored 649 000 • Other 210 000 • Temporary Workers and Dependants 321 000 • Unauthorized/Undocumented 500 000(Pew Institute Hispanic Centre estimate) • TOTAL 1 800 000 (approx per year) • ● Canada vs USA ratios • ●Internal vs External • ●Family vs Economic • Refugee ratios

13. Refugee Crisis, Canada’s Refugee Determination System • Global Patterns 34 million persons of concern 11 million refugees • Canada’s intake = 30 000 – 40 000 • Immigration and Refugee Board • Debates - 42% • Why Crisis? - singh ruling 1985 - from persecution to protection to risk aversion - Global smuggling - philosophical diffs – whose interests - self select debate • Modifying the Process – Safe Country regulations

14. Refugee Challenges - who is a refugee - how do we find out - is the system working - is the system fair

15. Crisis or business as usual? • 2001 3851 refugee claims from Hungary (Roma) • 2001 visa requirement imposed • 2002 34 refugees claims / 43 per cent accepted • 2008 visa lifted • 2009 2433 refugee claims /1 % OK, the rest abandonned or withdrawn *2010 2300 claims (tops list). Human trafficking RULE OR EXCEPTION? (Hamilton Spectator 12.1.12)

16. Contesting the Refugee Crisis

17. Assessing Immigration • Who should get in? - What for? - How many? - What Kind? - Where from? • Benefits + Costs • Functionalists vs Conflict

18. Attitudes (from Transatlantic Trends: Immigration Survey (2010)

19. Immigrant Experiences in Canada • Immigration = process - From getting in to (premigration) - Settling down (settlement) - fitting in (adaptation) - moving up (integration) • Immigrant Experiences - The good, the bad, and the ugly • Rethinking Immigration - who needs whom?

20. Variety of immigrant experiences

21. Current Shifts in Immigration Program • From one-size-fits-all to customized • Focus on young, educated, language-ready • From permanent to perm+temp • From single pt of entry to multiple pts • From gatekeeper to facilitate settlement

22. Why immigrants doing poorly? • Devalued credentials etc • Language competence • Canadian experience • Competition from Canadian educated • Racism + prejudice

23. Lack of Economic opportunity • Isolation • Lack of mainstream understanding • Ghettoization • Ignorance • Access to services • Physical Violence (UN, 2008)

24. Every act of immigration is like suffering a brain stroke. One has to learn to walk again, to talk again, and to move around the world again, and probably most difficult of all, one has to learn to re establish a sense of community again. Toronto Psychiatrist Vivian Lakoff, NP 27.5.03

25. Immigrant Inequality • Existence - income, un/employment, poverty - also power and privilege • Causes - individual, institutional, societal • Perspectives - functionalist vs conflicts • Cures – Employment Equity

26. Table 5.2 Earnings* by gender, racialization, and place of birth (in $) Male Female Average • Racialized minority (CB**) $42 433 $33 519 $38 582 • Racialized minority (FB***) $35 329 $27 075 $31 829 • Whites (CB) $43 456 $31 150 $38 529 • Whites (FB) $46 457 $31 627 $40 854 • Aboriginal peoples $32 369 $26 361 $29 290 • * Full-time, full-year earnings for those aged 25 to 64. ** Canadian born *** Foreign born • Source: Adapted from Kunz et al. 2001. Source: 1996 Census, Public Use Microdata File.

27. Explaining Immigrant Inequality

28. Competing Equality Models Equivalence-Based Equality Equity-Based Equality Formal (abstract and mathematical equivalent) Substantive (context and consequences) Everyone should be treated equally (the same) People should be treated as equals (different) Pretend pluralism Taking differences seriously/into account Same treatment as a matter of course Customized treatment when situation arises Equal opportunity Equitable outcomes Discipline of the market Government intervention