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Cells and Tissues: A Voyage Inside the Cell

This presentation provides an overview of cells and tissues, focusing on the anatomy and diversity of cells. It covers different types of cells, their functions, and the cell cycle. The presentation also discusses membrane transport and the movement of substances across the cell membrane.

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Cells and Tissues: A Voyage Inside the Cell

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  1. NOTE: This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this presentations without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that they contain. Thank you, Vicki Hughes

  2. CHAPTER 3: CELLS AND TISSUES

  3. VOYAGE INSIDE THE CELL15 min

  4. Anatomy of a Generalized Cell Quiz tomorrow! 69

  5. Cell Diversity There are 7 primary types of human cells. These types are defined by what they do. 1. Cells that connect body parts. A. Fibroblast Elongated shape Fibrous Lots of Rough ER Big Golgi Complex www.footdoc.ca celleng-tech.com www.bioch.ox.ac.uk www.davidlnelson.md 73

  6. Cell Diversity 1. Cells that connect body parts. B. Erythrocyte Red blood cells Carries oxygen Concave shape provides extra surface area to take on oxygen No organelles (Although erythrocytes do not physically connect one body part to another, it does connect systems to other systems by transporting important life sustaining materials.) www.adamdorman.com

  7. Cell Diversity • Cells that cover and line body organs. • Epithelial Cell • Hexagonal shape • Pack into sheets Intermediate filaments Resists tearing upload.wikimedia.org learn.hamamatsu.com

  8. Cell Diversity 3. Cells that move organs and body parts. A. Skeletal and Smooth muscle cells. Elongated shape Lots of contractile filaments Smooth Muscle Cell Flash: Insane Feats of Strength class.kmu.edu.tw Skeletal Muscle Cell www.blobs.org

  9. Cell Diversity 4. Cells that store nutrients. Fat Cells Made of a cell that becomes filled with a lipid droplet. “Empty” Cell “Filled” Cell www.blobs.org

  10. Cell Diversity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiLJl3NwmpU • Cells that fight disease Macrophage Cells Contain lots of lysosomes and use pseudopods (false feet) to capture disease units. relfe.com www.blobs.org

  11. Cell Diversity • Cells that gather information and control body functions. Nerve Cells (Neurons) Have long extensions called Processes that receive and send messages. 2.bp.blogspot.com www.blobs.org images.dpchallenge.com

  12. Cell Diversity 7. Cells used for reproduction Egg Cells (Oocyte) Female reproductive cell Sperm Cells Male reproductive cell 2.bp.blogspot.com www.blobs.org

  13. Cell Cycle Cells go through a complex cycle of changes controlled by molecular and chemical signaling pathways. The cycle has four primary phases: M is the mitotic phase involving actual division. G0 and G1 are growth phases. S is the phase during which DNA is copied. G2 is when the cell prepares to divide. www.blobs.org

  14. Cell Cycle The cell cycle has two checkpoints at which the cell determines whether to proceed with division. www.blobs.org

  15. Cell Cycle The G1/Scheckpoint is when the cell decides whether or not to replicate its DNA. At this checkpoint the cell is checked for DNA damage to ensure that it has all the necessary cellular machinery to allow for successful cell division. DNA damage? www.blobs.org

  16. Cell Cycle As a result of this check, which involves the interactions of various proteins, a "molecular switch" is toggled on or off.  www.blobs.org

  17. Cell Cycle Cells with intact DNA continue to S phase; cells with damaged DNA that cannot be repaired are arrested and "commit suicide" through apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Damaged DNA Apoptosis (cell death) www.blobs.org

  18. Cell Cycle A second such checkpoint occurs at the G2 phase following the synthesis of DNA in S phase but before cell division in M phase. Apoptosis (cell death) www.blobs.org

  19. Cell Cycle Cyclin Dependent Kinases, or CDKs, are a specific enzyme family that use signals to switch on cell cycle mechanisms. CDK CDK CDKs www.blobs.org

  20. Cell Cycle  When functioning properly, cell cycle regulatory enzymes act as the body's own tumor suppressors by controlling cell growth and inducing the death of damaged cells. CDK CDK CDKs www.blobs.org

  21. Cell Cycle Genetic mutations causing the malfunction or absence of one or more of the regulatory proteins at cell cycle checkpoints can result in the "molecular switch" being turned permanently on, permitting uncontrolled multiplication of the cell, leading to carcinogenesis, or tumor development. NO STOPS! www.blobs.org

  22. Membrane Transport Intracellular Fluid = fluid within the cell Interstitial Fluid = fluid around the outside of the cell Contains nutrients, regulatory substances like hormones, salts, waste products. Each cell pulls what it needs and deposits waste to and from the interstitial fluid. Intracellular Fluid Interstitial Fluid

  23. Membrane Transport inside cell outside cell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6NNEetG0Cw&index=2&list=PL7zrSH9hOKXCPmmqQP8Pw0I4oIvchsLw- Crossing the cell membrane lipid • Fats and oils can pass directly through with no help – like ghosts through a wall!

  24. Membrane Transport Protein Channels • Some molecules need “doors” to enter or leave the membrane • protein channels allow substances in & out • specific channels allow specific material in & out • H2O channel, salt channel, sugar channel, etc. inside cell H2O aa sugar salt outside cell waste

  25. Membrane Transport Simple Diffusion • Move from HIGH to LOW Which way will these fat molecules move? fat fat fat inside cell fat fat fat LOW HIGH fat outside cell fat fat fat fat fat fat fat

  26. Membrane Transport FacilitatedDiffusion • Move from HIGH to LOWthrough a channel sugar sugar sugar sugar inside cell sugar sugar LOW Which way will sugar move? HIGH outside cell sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar

  27. Membrane Transport Filtration= movement of water and solutes across a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure usually exerted by the blood.

  28. Active transport • Cells may need to move molecules against concentration gradient • need to pump “uphill” • from LOW to HIGH using energy • Solute PUMP • Requires ATP ATP Notice the direction of Amino Acid movement and the concentrations! Na+ activates the pump. Low High

  29. Membrane Transport Bulk Transport Exocytosis = movement of substances OUT of the cell. Endocytosis = movement of substances INTO the cell. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120068/bio02.swf

  30. Osmosis Movement of Water Across Cell Membrane

  31. Membrane Transport • Osmosis • diffusion of water from high concentration of WATER to low concentration of water • across a semi-permeable membrane High Low

  32. Membrane Transport MaintainingHomeostasis • Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & water loss • 92% of red blood cells are water. saltwater balanced freshwater

  33. BODY TISSUES: Tissues = groups of cells that are similar in structure and function https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ux9rvC5NvQ8&index=4&list=PL7zrSH9hOKXCPmmqQP8Pw0I4oIvchsLw-

  34. EPITHELIAL TISSUES Simple Epithelium = one layer of cells Stratified Epithelium = more than one layer of cells Pseudostratified Epithelium = one layer that looks like two. Squamous = flat Cuboidal = short cubes Columnar = tall columns 90

  35. Project: Modeling Epithelial Tissues • Create the layers one “cell” at a time. • Label each type of tissue. • Neatness counts. TEST GRADE Shoebox lid (optional) 90

  36. BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES Simple Squamous Epithelia Characteristics: • One layer of cells. Examples: • Lining of air sacs in lungs. • Walls of capillaries. • Serosae = slick membranes lining the body cavity and covering organs. nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr Why would this type of tissue need to be thin?

  37. BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES Simple Columnar Epithelia Characteristics: • One layer of columns. • Goblet Cells = produce lubricating mucus. Examples: Digestive tract Mucosae = lining of body cavities that open to exterior.

  38. CONNECTIVE TISSUES Types of Connective Tissue Osseous Tissue (Bone) Dense, hard tissue Function: Skeleton 94

  39. CONNECTIVE TISSUES Types of Connective Tissue Cartilage: softer than bone, more flexible, attaches bone to bone. Hyaline cartilage = lots of collagen fibers hidden by rubbery matrix that looks like glass (hyalin = glass). Function: Larynx Ribs to breastbone Ends of bones at joints Fetal “bones” qwickstep.com 94

  40. CONNECTIVE TISSUES Types of Connective Tissue Cartilage: softer than bone, more flexible, attaches bone to bone. Fibrocartilage = highly compressible Function: Vertebral discs 94

  41. BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVETISSUES Types of Connective Tissue Dense Fibrous tissue Strong, rope-like structures. Ligament = attaches bones to bones. Tendon = attaches skeletal muscles to bones. kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca Courtesy Devin Sisk

  42. BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVETISSUES Types of Connective Tissue Areolar tissue: • Most widely distributed. • Soft, pliable. • Acts as a glue to hold organs together and in their places. • Lamina propria= areolar tissue that underlies all mucosa epithelium. Function: Cushions and protects Absorbs waste materials www.tvcc.edu cheneyhs.org

  43. BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVETISSUES Types of Connective Tissue Adipose tissue: • Commonly called “fat” Function: Cushions and protects Stores fuel

  44. BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVETISSUES Types of Connective Tissue Reticular tissue: tissue micro and spleen • Restricted to lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, etc.) Function: Framework for lymphatic structures

  45. BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVETISSUES Types of Connective Tissue Blood clot on gauze Blood: blood • considered connective because the cells are surrounded by fluid Function: Transports materials throughout the body

  46. BODY TISSUES: MUSCLETISSUES Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle: • connective sheets • attached to skeleton • voluntarily controlled • cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate (many nuclei) Function: Movement www.uic.edu 98

  47. BODY TISSUES: MUSCLETISSUES Types of Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle: • Found only in heart. • Has striations. • Fit together at intercalated disks (like clasped fingers). • Gap junctions allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell which produces electrical beat. • Involuntary muscle. Function: Pumps blood. cache1.asset-cache.net academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu

  48. BODY TISSUES: MUSCLETISSUES Types of Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle: • Also called “visceral muscle.” • No striations. • Found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, blood vessels, uterus, etc.) • Makes cavity of organ smaller or larger. Function: Pushes substances through an organ along a specific pathway. medsci.indiana.edu https://quizlet.com/89858676/test?mult_choice=on&prompt-with=1&limit=17

  49. TISSUE REPAIR How tissue repair works: Regeneration = replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells. Fibrosis = repair by the formation of scar tissue. Scar tissue = connective tissue used for repair. la.rsmjournals.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Wb0RaoMg5E

  50. Generally speaking, clean cuts (incisions) heal better than ragged tears (lacerations). Incisions laceration biomedcentral.com myskin-info.com

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