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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT. The Research Process. Variables. Independent variables Dependent variables

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

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  1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKHYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

  2. The Research Process

  3. Variables • Independent variables • Dependent variables • Moderating variables: a second independent variable that is included because it is believed to have significant contributory or contingent effect on the originally stated IV-DV relationship

  4. Variables (Cont’d) • Extraneous variables • Infinite number of variables has little or no effect on a given situation can be safely ignored • Extraneous variables as the control

  5. Variables (Cont’d) • Intervening variables: the factor which theoretically affects the observed phenomenon but cannot be seen, measured, or manipulated; its effect must be inferred from the effects of the independent and moderator variables on the observed phenomenon

  6. Theoretical Framework • Theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based • Logically developed, described, and elaborated network of association among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, observations, and literature survey. • Experience and intuition

  7. Theoretical Framework (Cont’d) • 5 basic features that should be incorporated in any theoretical framework: • Variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussions • The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another

  8. Theoretical Framework (Cont’d) • 5 basic features that should be incorporated in any theoretical framework (Cont’d): • There should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative • There should be a clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist • A schematic diagram should be given so that the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized relationships

  9. Hypotheses Development • Hypothesis: a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement • Formulating such testable statement is called hypotheses development

  10. Hypotheses Development (Cont’d) • Statement of hypotheses: Formats • If-Then statement • Directional and nondirectional hypotheses • Null and alternate hypotheses • Null hypothesis: expressed as no (significant) relationship between two variables or no (significant) difference between two groups • Alternate hypothesis: statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indicating differences between groups

  11. Hypotheses Testing • Steps to be followed in hypothesis testing: • State the null and alternate hypotheses • Choose the appropriate statistical test depending whether the data collected are parametric or nonparametric • Determine the level of significance desired • See if the output results indicate that the significance level is met • When the resultant value > critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate is accepted. If calculated value < critical value, the null is accepted and the alternate rejected

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