Chapter 31

1. Chapter 31 Excretion

2. Excretion is the getting rid of waste products of metabolism.

3. EXCRETION IN PLANTS

4. Plants often recycle their waste products e.g. Oxygen and water vapour produced during the day in photosynthesis is used in the night during respiration. Carbon dioxide produced during the night in respiration is used during day in photosynthesis.

5. 2. Plants shed their waste products. These are lost when the plant loses its leaves, bark, petals, seeds and fruit. Other plants store some wastes e.g. in xylem vessels.

6. 3. Waste gases diffuse out through the stomata & lenticels.

7. LEARNING CHECK • Define excretion. • Why must organisms get rid of waste products of metabolism? • How do plants get rid of their waste products? • Plants can lose water from where?

8. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment within the body. The excretory system plays a role in homeostasis: • by maintaining the composition of an organism's fluids, • by preventing the accumulation of poisonous wastes whichmight interfere with metabolism.

9. Temperature Regulation in animals • Temperature influences the rate of enzyme-controlledreactions that sustain life. • Mammals and birds are endotherms(warm blooded): their source of heat is internal [from their own metabolic heat]. • They can operate in low temperature environments, as theycan keep the rate of enzyme activity high.

10. Most animals are ectotherms (cold blooded), they lose or gain heat by moving into areas where temperature is suitable, e.g. fish,amphibians, reptiles.

11. The Skin The Skin functions in relating the body temperature. The Skin is composed of 2 layers: 1. Epidermis • Cornified layer: consists of deadcells, full of keratin (waterproof layer). • Granular layer: consists of living cells • Malpighian layer: consists of cells continuously dividing by mitosis and many pigment (melanin) cells, which protect the skin from UV radiation.

12. 2. Dermis • Located inside the epidermis • Consists of connective tissue which contain cells with a strengthening protein called collagen. • Consists of blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs, sebaceous glands (sebum), and nerve receptors. The Subcutaneous layer contains fat in adipose tissue.

13. The SKIN

14. Functions of The Skin • Protection: • epidermis protects against damage, water loss, and the entry of pathogens • melanin protects against UV radiation • sebum (oil) keeps the epidermis intact 2. Vitamin production (vitamin D is made in the skin) 3. Food store (fat stores energy) 4. Sense organ (the skin is an organ of touch, e.g. it senses touch and temperature) 5. Excretion (sweat removes water and salts from the body)

15. Temperature regulation Cold conditions cause: – hairs to stand up to keep skin warm – blood vessels narrow (constrict) to retain heat – shivering Warm conditions cause: – sweating, which cools the body due to evaporation – blood vessels to widen (dilate) to lose heat

16. The Human Skin Animation Video • What is skin? The layers of human skin

17. LEARNING CHECK • What is an endotherm? • What is an ectotherm? • List the functions of the skin. • What is our normal body temperature? • What happens whern we get too hot ? • What happens when we get too cold? • What part of the brain detects changes in our temperature?

18. Organs of Excretion • lungs (water and carbon dioxide) • skin (water and salts) • kidneys (water, salts, and urea)

19. OUR EXCRETORY SYSTEM

20. Water is lost from the body through a number of ways: Lungs –exhaled out Skin – by evaporation from cells and through sweat. Intestines – in the faeces (undigested food). Kidneys – in dissolving the poisons and wastes we wish to excrete from the body.

21. LEARNING CHECK • What is excretion? • What role does excretion play in homeostasis in the body? • Name the main waste products of the body. • Name the main excretory organs of the body.

22. Excretion in human - Kidneys

23. The Urinary System consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and urethra

24. Cortex Pelvis Medulla Ureter • A section through the kidney shows an • outer darker region(cortex) and • a lighter inner zone (medulla).

25. The kidneys make urine in the following way: blood (containing waste) enters the kidneys through the renal arteries the kidneys filter waste and useful materials from the blood useful materials are reabsorbed from the kidneys back into the blood some materials are secreted from the blood into the kidneys urine formed in the kidneys flows to the bladder through the ureters blood (low in waste) leaves the kidneys in the renal veins.

26. Filtration Cortex Pelvis Reabsorption Medulla Ureter

27. Urinary system - The nephron

28. Filtration: The kidneys filter waste e.g. urea and excess salts and useful materials e.g. glucose,amino acids, water from the blood into the kidney(cortex) • Reabsorption: the useful materials are reabsorbed from the kidneys back into the blood(cortex & medulla) • Secretion: some materials e.g. potassium, hydrogen ions are secreted from the blood into the cortex of the kidneys.

29. Urine • Urine is composed of about 96% water, urea, salt, and tracesof other substances such as hormones. • In the liver, excess amino acids are broken down into urea. • Urea and other wastes, along with some water, are not reabsorbed. • They pass, as urine, into the pelvis of the kidney and to the bladder for storage.

30. Functions of the Kidney Excretion of water, salts, and urea Osmoregulation - control the water content of the blood (and body fluids) - control the salt concentration of the blood (and body fluids) pH control (by controlling the hydrogen ions)

31. The Nephron • The nephron is the functional unit (make urine) of the kidney • Each kidney contains more than 1 million nephrons • The nephron is a tube about 3cm long • It is located in the cortex and the medulla of the kidney

32. KIDNEY LS

33. Blood supply to the Nephron • Blood enters the Kidney through the renal artery. • The renal artery divides into renal arterioles and then into smaller afferent (incoming) arterioles. • Each afferent arteriole divides intoa cluster of capillaries (glomerulus). • Blood leaves the glomerulus in the efferent (outgoing) arteriole. • This divides to form capillaries which re –join to form renal venules & then renal veins.

35. NEPHRON

36. FILTRATION - takes place in the glomerulus • blood enters the nephron in the afferent arteriole, under high pressure, • A cup-shaped structure (Bowman’s capsule) surrounds each glomerulus, • and it is here that smaller waste and useful molecules in the blood are forced, under pressure, out of the plasma and into the lumen of Bowman’s capsule, forming the glomerular filtrate.

37. The Glomerulus and Filtration • The glomerulus helps filtration in three ways: • The blood pressure is high - because the efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole, so force-filtering the plasma. • Large surface area of the capillaries • Large number of pores in the capillaries

38. Everything except larger molecules enter the glomerular filtrate e.g. red & white blood cells, platelets, large proteins & some hormones.

39. 2. Reabsorption The body cannot afford to lose useful chemicals like food and water, so as the glomerular filtrate passes from the Bowman's capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule, glucose, amino acids, some salts and water are reabsorbed back into the blood. The food molecules, including most of the salt ions, are taken back by active transport.

40. Animations - kidney

41. Proximal convoluted tubule Water is absorbed by osmosis from the Loop of Henle and convoluted tubules. Glucose, vitamins and other substances are absorbed by a combination of active transport and diffusion Salts are reabsorbed by active transport Urea and other wastes, along with some water, are not reabsorbed, but pass as urine to the bladder.

42. Proximal convoluted tubule Is long(14mm) Is thin walled, one cell thick Has lots of infoldings - microvilli Has lots of mitochondria – provide energy

43. The Loop of Henle The proximal convoluted tubule leads into the descending limb of the loop of Henle, which dips down into the medulla, turns (the loop), and returns as the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Water is reabsorbed by osmosis & minerals in the descending limb. Salts are absorbed by active transport in the ascending limb.

44. Distal Convoluted Tubule • Is involved in the control of water, salt & pH values of the blood. • Some water & salts are reabsorbed into the blood. • Secretion of some substances e.g. hydrogen ions - when the blood becomes too acidic, hydrogen ions are secreted into the urine.

45. The Collecting duct Some water is reabsorbed into the blood. Any remaining glomerular filtrate that has not been reabsorbed back into the blood is collected in the collecting duct. This filtrate is now known as urine. It flows into the bladder through the ureters.

46. Excretory System Song Learn about the structures of the excretory system and the formation of urine.

47. Urine Formation

49. ADH – Anti-diuretic hormone • It controls the volume of urine formed • It is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain • It influences the permeability of the convoluted tubules • Controls osmoregulation, regulates the amount of water in the body by varying the amount of urine produced, an example of homeostasis.