War Between the States 1861-65

1. War Between the States1861-65 APUSH MCELHANEY

2. Discussion/Essay Question • “The Northern victory over the Confederacy was inevitable.” • Assess the validity of this statement. Bicentennial of Lincoln’s Birth Essay 2. Why should Americans honor the legacy of Lincoln today? 5 paragraph Essay.

3. The Union Mobilization and finance Civil liberties Election of 1864 The South Confederate constitution Mobilization and finance States' rights and the Confederacy Foreign affairs and diplomacy Military strategy, campaigns, and battles The abolition of slavery Confiscation Acts Emancipation Proclamation Freedmen's Bureau Thirteenth Amendment Effects of war on society Inflation and public debt Role of women Devastation of the South Changing labor patterns Civil WarNeed to Know

4. The Effects of the War • 618,000 died in the Civil War • Ended States Rights concept forever • Strengthened the Supremacy of Federal Government over the States • Accelerated economic development of the North • Made Republican Party a powerful and enduring force • Devastated the Economy of the South • Ended Slavery (Emancipation Proclamation 1863 and 13th Amendment 1865)

5. Carrot: Tried to reassure the South that he would not interfere with Slavery where it existed. He would enforce Fugitive Slave Act “We are not enemies but friends. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.” Stick: He would fight. He would, “Employ all powers…to reclaim the public property and places which have fallen; places belonging to the government.” Lincoln’s First Inauguration “Carrot and Stick Approach”

6. President Lincoln's First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861 • “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ''preserve, protect, and defend it.”

7. “It seems clear that in both the North and South, sectional antagonisms had risen to such a point that the existing terms of union had become untenable.” • “They had grown to be two distinct and incompatible civilizations” • They were incapable of living together in peace.

8. Sentiments on Both sides were Extreme • RW Emerson “I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilized community can constitute one state.” (Northern View) • (Southern View) “These people hate us, annoy us, and would have us assassinated by our slaves if they dared. They are different people from us, whether better of worse, and there is no love between us. Why then continue together?”

9. Mobilization • After Fort Sumter both sides rush to war • Nationalism was high • Volunteers were plentiful • The Confederates wanted independence • The Yankees wanted to punish the traitors • Armies were raised, equipped, and prepared for war.

12. The Union and Confederacy in 1861 Map

13. Why did Border States remain in the Union?

14. Advantages Natural Resources, $ Superior Navy Population 3x more 90% of country’s Factories Railroads Production of Firearms, cloth, iron, boots/shoes Disadvantages At first not prepared for war People thought it would only last a short time Needed arms, munitions, equipment Poor leadership Had to fight a war of conquest= Invade the South Divided Public Opinion Preparations for War: North

15. Advantages Food Production Virginia had Armories and produced weapons Harpers Ferry Armory Cotton $ Good military leadership- Robert E. Lee Nathan Bedford Forrest Good soldiers Disadvantages At first Weapons Shortage Lacked Manufacturing Lacked Transportation Few Rail Roads Needed to importArms and Equipment (British) Low population Low Resources Little Navy Preparations for War: South

16. Resources: North & the South

17. Railroad Lines, 1860 Rail

18. North Borrow Money- (most) ($2.6 Billion) Bonds ($400 million) Print Money-Causes inflation Levying Taxes Income Taxes Taxes on goods South Borrow Money- Bonds Print Money-Causes inflation Taxes Cotton export Financing the War

19. Men Present for Duty in the Civil War Union had only 16,000 Troops in 1861 2 million served in Union ArmyMost Volunteered

20. 1863- Volunteers for the Army decrease drastically War is bloody and tens of thousands die Union passes and enforces a draft law- Raise troops for the war 46,000 conscripted “A Poor Man’s War” People drafted could hire substitutes or pay a $300 fee to be released Draft law causes tremendous resistance especially in New YorkCity Irish Immigrants riot 4 days July 1863 Racial overtones NYC Democratic City Some wanted to secede from the Union and even make it a neutral city Enrolment Act =Draft

22. 1862- as the war goes badly for the North Lincoln uses executive power to remove criticism and insure order Executive order of war powers suspends Habeas Corpus Due process= rights to a trial Authorizes arrests of Anti-War Protestors Anyone associated with “Disloyal Practices” Especially in Border States Arrested 13,000 people Example= “Copperheads” Peace Democrats Northerners who were against the war Lincoln and Civil Liberties

23. Example- Northern Civil Liberties • Copperhead Congressman Clement Valldingham • Ohio politician • Arrested and denied Habeas Corpus • Opposed the war, arrested and then deported to the CSA • Good Link • Ex parte Merriman and Ex parte Milligan

24. OverviewofCivil WarStrategy: “Anaconda”Plan

25. Northern Strategy • Lincoln: Saw that the North should win by resource power • Saw the key to victory = Destruction of the CSA Armies (not the conquest of territory) • Isolate the South from trade • Squeeze the South into Submission • Large scale invasion of Southern Territory • 1862 Concept of Total War- “There is no hope for reconciliation” • “We must conquer the Rebels or be conquered by them.”

26. Course of the War (Map) • Statistics of Battles • Timeline of Civil (War Link) • April 1861 Fort Sumter • April 17, Virginia Secedes • 1861 Blockade • July 1stFirst Bull Run/Manassas(CSA Victory) • McClellan Appointed General in Chief USA • November 1861 Trent Affair • 1861 Confiscation Act addresses slaves that come under the power of the Union forces “All slaves used for insurrection purposes would be considered freed .”

28. 1862 • Stalemate in the East • Movement and progress for the Union in the WEST • Feb 25 Nashville Falls to Union • March 9 Monitor and Merrimac (CSS Virginia) fight (Ironclad Ships) • April 9 Battle of Shiloh (TN) Grant US Victory 23,746 killed (US 63,000 KIA 13,000) (CS 40,000 KIA 11,000) • May Peninsula Campaign Begun US attacks South trying to take Richmond • April 25 New Orleans Falls to Admiral FarragutUS Victory

30. 1862 continued • May “Stonewall Jackson” defeats US in Shenandoah Valley; US troops rush to protect Washington DC. (CS Victory) • May 31 Seven Pines Battle (on Peninsula) US vs Lee (CS Victory) • July 2 Seven Days Battle, Lee wins Peninsula Campaign (CS Victory) • July 10 McClellan removed from top spot in US Army, General Halleck appointed commander US forces • August 2nd Bull Run/Manassas Pope defeated (CS victory) • Sept Army of Northern Virginia (Lee’s Army) Marches North to Maryland • Sept 17 Bloodiest single day of the war • Battle of Antietam- Lee invades and is met at town of Sharpsburg, 2, 108 Union KIA, 9,549 wounded • CSA 2,700 KIA, 9,024 wounded (US victory) • December 11-15 Fredericksburg, 13,000 US casualties, 5,000 CS casualties (CS victory)

31. The Progress of War: 1861-1865 Progress of war

32. War in the East: 1861-1862 The War in the East

33. McClellan quote • After being demoted by Lincoln and Stanton the Secretary of War • He had “lost all regard and respect for the administration and doubted the propriety of my brave men’s blood being shed to further the designs of such a set of heartless villains.” • Regarding Hallek “vented his anger at serving under an officer ‘whom I know to be my inferior. • As for Stanton, he was a “deformed hypocrite & villain…if he had lived in the time of the Savior, Judas Iscariot would have remained a respected member of the fraternity of Apostles.”

35. North Wanted no foreign intervention South Wanted recognition from foreign governments- Britain or France Wanted intervention from British Foreign Affairs

36. 1863 (Link) • January Emancipation Proclamation • March First Conscription Act Passed • April 27 – May 1 Chancellorsville • Lee defeats US Hooker by splitting his forces and attacks in 3 places (CSA Victory) • May 10 Stonewall Jackson dies • Lee loses his best General • July Vicksburg falls (Grant) to Union forces, Mississippi is controlled by US. • July 1-3 Gettysburg • Lee invades Pennsylvania trying to gain recognition of England and France • Terrible Battle 90,000 US vs 75000 CSA • Lee loses 1/3 of his army and can not get them back (28,000) • Meade does not continue the attack and Lee retreats back to VA and is able to continue the fight. (lost 23,000)

37. 1863 Continued Link • September 19-20 (WEST) Battle of Chickamauga TN • CS Victory CS 70,000 vs US 56,000 • Casualties CS 18, 454 US 16,179 • November 19, Gettysburg Address • Lincoln refocuses the struggle “A new birth of freedom.” • November 23-25 Battle of Chattanooga • Grant Drives CS out of Tennessee • December Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan announced

38. Gettysburg Address • Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

39. African Americans and the Union Army • 186,000 serve in Union Army, Navy, and laborers • Most blacks served in support/labor • 54th Massachusetts, Capt. Robert Gould Shaw • Blacks captured were returned to slavery or killed.

40. Confiscation Acts • May 1861- Law that allowed Union forces to seize enemy material and property of rebellious states and citizens for the war effort. • Property included slaves • Allowed Federal Government to use these slaves for the war effort • 1862 2nd Confiscation Act • Declared free slaves of persons aiding and supporting the rebellion • Authorized President to employ Freed Slaves as soldiers

41. 1863 • January Emancipation Proclamation signed • Lincoln was pressured to create a policy regarding slaves in the rebellious states. • Previous, Confiscation Acts were used to address Slaves that come under the jurisdiction of Union forces. • After the victory of Antietam he was persuaded to try and weaken the Confederacy

42. Emancipation Proclamation • Executive order of the President • Applied only to Slaves in Rebellious states (except those already under Union control- TN, West VA, Southern Louisiana) • Stated as of January 1, 1863 • “I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, shall recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.”

43. Significance of Emancipation Proclamation • The war was expanded to end Slavery • Allowed for the recruitment and use of Blacks into the Union Army • Did not address slavery in Border States of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, or Delaware

44. Radical Republicans Review • “Free every slave-slay every traitor-burn every rebel mansion, if these things be necessary to preserve this temple of freedom. We must treat this war as a radical revolution, and remodel our institutions.” • Radical Republicans • Thaddeus Stevens (Rep PA) • Charles Sumner (Senator MA) • Benjamin Wade (Senator OH)

45. 1864 Link • January- Grant appointed Commander of US forces and has new plan • He has now lots of troops ready to fight with many veterans. • Attack South through Georgia (Sherman) • Attack due South from DC to Richmond and keep up relentless pressure. • May 5-7 (East) Battle of Wilderness(CSA Victory) • US 115,000 vs CS 73,000 • Casualties US 55,000 CS 31,000 • May 8-12 (East) Battle of Spotsylvania (Union Victory) • 5 day battle, Grant doesn’t wait to attack Lee after Wilderness • Casualties US 18,000 CS 12,000

46. 1864 • June 1-3 (East) Battle of Cold Harbor(CSA Victory) • Grant still pushing South after Lee, Grant loses 7,000 in 20 minutes • CS 62,000 vs US 108,000 • Casualties CS 2,500 US 12,000 • June (East) (US) Siege of Petersburg begins (getting close to Richmond) • Key RR transport and supply for Richmond • Grant still pushing Lee • June Battle of Kennesaw Mountain (GA) (CSA Victory) • Sherman attacking South from TN • US 90,000 vs CS 60,000 • July Crater at Petersburg • Union miners dig under city fortifications and blow up tons of explosives and rush in to be slaughtered.

47. 1864 • September – December Sherman’s March to the Sea • September 2 Battle of Atlanta (US Victory) • Sherman conquers and burns Atlanta • Begins “March to the Sea” = Savannah GA • November Lincoln Re-elected President • Johnson VP (Democrat from TN) on the Union Ticket • December Sherman reaches Savannah(Union Victory) • Leaves devastation of 60 miles wide swath

48. Sherman’s March to the SeaNov. 1864-Dec. 1864 • Sherman marches through Georgia perpetrating massive destruction in an effort to break the will of the South • “I can make the march and make Georgia howl!” • “We cannot change the hearts of those people of the South, but we can make war so terrible and make them so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.”

49. Civil War Pictures http://www.wildwestweb.net/cwleaders/cwleaders.html Pictures of Sherman

50. Election of 1864 • Election in which the candidates were George McClellan and Abraham Lincoln • George McClellan was a “Peace Democrat” or Copperhead and he wanted to negotiate a compromise with the South. • Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans campaigned for continuation of the War until the South surrendered unconditionally • Sherman’s Victory in Atlanta saves Lincoln’s reelection and the Union • Lincoln won with an astounding 55% of the popular vote (Partial)