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The Civil War, 1861-65

The Civil War, 1861-65. Culture Wars, Past and Present. Who Won?. Military conflict - S: “defensive”, wait for recognition - N: “offensive”, seize / hold territory Ideological conflict - 18 th Century (Contract) Nationalism v. 19 th Century (Romantic) Nationalism

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The Civil War, 1861-65

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  1. The Civil War, 1861-65 Culture Wars, Past and Present

  2. Who Won? Military conflict- S: “defensive”, wait for recognition- N: “offensive”, seize / hold territory Ideological conflict- 18th Century (Contract) Nationalism v. 19th Century (Romantic) Nationalism - Who gives meaning to the War?

  3. Jefferson Davis- statues; four counties; Stone Mountain; birthday; ban from office; Memorial Highway “Lost Cause”- D.W. Griffith- Gone with the Wind

  4. I. Prelude to War The Decline and fall of the United States of America

  5. A. Unification of the “North” • Economic / cultural empire • Evolved Liberalism- economic- personal

  6. B. Conspiracy Theories • Dred Scott1857 • John Brown’s Raid1859

  7. C. Election of 1860 • 4 candidates, one result(Lincoln, Douglas, Bell, Breckinridge) • Pro-slave faction permanent minority

  8. D. Southern Radicalism • Deep South revoltDec. 20, 1860 – South Carolina Convention • followed by MS, AL, GA, LA, TX by February • Montgomery Convention, Feb. 1861

  9. 2. Confederate Constitution- strong states’ rights - no abolition of slavery - Jefferson Davis Contractual / Lockian emphasis Articles of Confederation

  10. E. Presidential response • “Lame Duck” Buchanan • Abraham Lincoln - moderate- Federalist What I do about slavery and the colored race,I do because I believe it helps to save theUnion.

  11. II. Inevitable conflict?

  12. A. Why did the North Win? • Population- 22 v. 6 M- immigration & slavery • Industrialization / infrastructure- Federalism v. Agrarianism

  13. King Cotton a bust- Victorian Culture

  14. Estimation of will- money-grubbing Yankees- Just Cause- dominant culture psychology • Failure of Contract Theory- 5% taxes- resistance to draft- reliance on slave labor

  15. B. Why fight at all? • Vox populi- L’s 1st Inaugural: acquiesce to majority will “of, by and for the people”- Madison: states’ rights v. political factions • Realpolitik- cannot “acquiesce to its destruction”- Jefferson: govt. has no life of its own

  16. Liberalism- govt. “agent” of reform, liberty- democracy expression of positive human nature- “arc” of Western Civilization / Revolution • Romanticism- Nation as “sacred”, “Divine Mission” (Puritans)- Redemptive Violence- consistent with 1st & 2nd Great Awakenings

  17. It is not light that we need, but fire; it is not the gentle shower, but thunder. We need the storm, the whirlwind, and the earthquake. - Frederick Douglass Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord; He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored;He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword.- Battle Hymn of the Republic

  18. C. Legacy • Federalism prevails- “All power flows from the barrel of a gun”- function as a Nation-State, world power • End of the Agrarian Republic- acceleration of economic growth- westward expansion Civil War does not create change, but dramatically accelerates those taking place.

  19. III. The Second American Revolution

  20. A. War and Society • Era of “Big” Government- pensions- “greenbacks” • R & D- priming the pump- business integration- agricultural development McCormick

  21. Conscription- 1st Draft, March 1863- “substitutes”- immigrant / racial tension • Dissent- habeus corpus- Clement Vallandigham “Copperheads”

  22. B. War changes meaning • Focus on Union- Platform 1860; Crittendon- state issue- Democratic opposition • Freedmen force the issue- Butler, “Contrabands”- manpower shortages

  23. C. Road to Emancipation • Meaning of “War”- Constitutionality- Antietam, Sept. 1862 • Military strategy- Anaconda Plan

  24. Moral issue- undercut international involvement- tapped into Northern “radicalism” • Emancipation ProclamationSept. 1862- limited- revolutionary

  25. Self-emancipation- exodus • Black Soldiers- 180 K- J. Davis, General Orders 111 Dec. 1862- Fort Pillow Massacre, 1864

  26. D. Behind the Lines • Myth of the “Solid South”- Mobile food riots, 1863; “unruly women”- Southern Unionists • Role of Women- clerical work; male professions; agriculture- Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton

  27. Will social, political gains made during War last beyond it? - Who wins the ideological battle?(Who writes the history of the Civil War?) - Will the Nation stay committed to Reconstruction?

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