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Exploration, Colonization, and the Columbian Exchange

Discover the transformative effects of the Columbian Exchange and Age of Exploration on global trade, economy, and culture. Learn about new inventions, wealth increase, colonial empires, joint-stock companies, and mercantilism shaping the world during the 16th and 17th centuries.

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Exploration, Colonization, and the Columbian Exchange

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  1. Exploration, Colonization, and the Columbian Exchange

  2. New Trade Routes sought by Europeans • 1500s: Trade controlled by Arab & Venetian merchants • Europeans wanted a cheaper, quicker route to Asia (avoiding conflict)

  3. Changing Ways of Life • Age of Exploration expands European economy • Search for wealth led to the rise of modern capitalism—money invested in business to make profits.

  4. New Inventions assisting in exploration Compass Astrolabe Better map making Better boats & sails

  5. Commercial Revolution • 1500s Banking (big business) Medici family (Florence) • 1600s “nation” replaces the city and the village as the basis for economy. • Banking families replaced by government chartered banks.

  6. Increase in Wealth and Currency • Gold and silver flowed to Europe (increasing wealth) • Money was coined and widely used in currency for trade purposes

  7. Bank Services (run by gov’t) Loans Deposits Banknotes Checks Exchanging of currencies

  8. Wealthy Merchants • Joint-stock companies—enable large & small investors to share profits and risks of a trading voyage (very stable) • Gov’t supported joint-stock companies • Have the power to make war, seize foreign ships, establish colonies, coin money • Gov’t receives duties (taxes) on imported goods • Ex: Dutch East India Company—monopoly ontrade with Africa and East Indies

  9. Increase in Money (change in business goals) • Rise of entrepreneurs—put up capital with risk, but could make a lot of money • Increase in trade • Portugal, England, Spain, and Netherlands because they had largest colonial empires • Trade routes move westward to Africa and the Americas

  10. Mercantilism • A state’s power depended on its wealth • Measured by amount of bullion • Nations gained wealth by acquiring gold & silver (Incas and Aztecs—Spain) • Trade: more goods exported than imported, i.e. create a balance of trade. • Gov’ts sold monopolies in certain industries • Colonial holdings—source of raw materials and new markets

  11. Columbian Exchange Definition: Global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas. Exchanging foods allowed items such as potatoes and corn to become part of the Europeans’ staple diet.

  12. What if it hadn’t happened? • “Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no tomatoes in Italy, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no cattle in Texas, no burros in Mexico, no chili peppers in Thailand and India, no cigarettes in France and no chocolate in Switzerland. Even the dandelion was brought to America by Europeans for use as an herb.”

  13. These foods helped people live healthier and longer lives—population boost Livestock Introduced: New WorldOld World Horses turkeys Cattle llamas Pigs alpacas Sheep guinea pigs Goats Chickens

  14. Diseases Introduced: New WorldOld World Small pox, Syphilis Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow fever Influenza Common cold Typhus Diphtheria Whooping cough Cholera

  15. Triangular Trade *Enslaved people from Africa came to the New World *Manufactured good came from Europe to the New World. *Raw materials from the Americas went to Europe

  16. The Atlantic Slave Trade in Two minutes http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_history_of_american_slavery/2015/06/animated_interactive_of_the_history_of_the_atlantic_slave_trade.html?wpsrc=sh_all_mob_em_top

  17. Effects of Global Exchange • Europe’s population exploded • 425 million in 1500 • 545 million in 1600 • 610 million in 1700 • 720 million in 1750 • 900 million in 1800 • Population moves to centers of trade • Trade expansion=>exchange of cultures through goods, people, technologies, ideas, and diseases.

  18. (Continued) • Peoples demand for goods & services rise • Trading globally leads to increased movement of people seeking wealth, or fleeing economic distress and religious persecution

  19. Spread of European language, culture, and religion (Christian missionaries) European interest in arts, style, and foods, esp. in Asia Drastic decline in Native American population Africans forcibly removed to Americas as slaves Expansion of Trade CONS PROS

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