S ingle L ens R eflex Cameras

1. Single Lens Reflex Cameras

2. Single Lens Reflex Camera Hot Shoe-Flash Shutter Speed Dial Film Speed Dial Film Re-Winder Shutter Release Aperture Ring Film Winder Focusing Ring Film Hatch Lens Release Button Film Release Button

3. Inside the S.L.R. • The single lens reflex (S.L.R.) Camera uses a 45° mirror to reflect the image up through a prism to the viewfinder. • The mirror is positioned in front of the film and flips up just before the shutter fires.

4. Finding the Correct Exposure Time Film Speed Correct Exposure Aperture Shutter Speed [Film Speed, Aperture and Shutter Speed all affect each other combined they find the correct exposure time.]

5. Film Speed (ISO or ASA) • Slow films are used in bright light conditions or when a slower exposure is needed for high quality. • Fast films are used in low light conditions or when a fast exposure is needed. Film Speed measures the degree to which film is sensitive to light. 50 – 100 – 200 – 400 – 800 – 1600 - 3200 Slow Film Speeds Fast Film Speeds High Quality Poor Quality Grainy

6. Aperture • The Aperture is the circular opening within a camera • lens that determines the brightness of light reaching • the film. • Each aperture number or ‘click’ on the lens aperture ring • is called a f-stop. • Each time the aperture ring is changed by one number • (f-stop) the amount of light passing through the lens either • halves or doubles.

7. Depth of Field f2.8 – f4 – f5.6 - f8 – f11 – f16 Shallow depth of field Greater depth of field

8. Depth of Field • A wide aperture equals a low f-number • (e.g. f2.8, f5.6). These apertures produce • a narrow depth of field i.e. just the subject • matter will be in focus not the background • or foreground. • A narrow aperture equals a high f-number • (e.g. f11, f16, f22). These apertures produce • a large depth of field i.e. most of the • photograph should be in focus. f2.8 – f4 – f5.6 - f8 – f11 – f16 Shallow depth of field Greater depth of field

9. Shutter Speed • Shutter speed is the length of time the shutter remains open. • Shutter speed is also referred to as ‘exposure time’. • The Shutter speed is measured in seconds and fractions of seconds. (Important to remember that you cannot use a slower shutter speed than 1/30 whilst handholding the camera, otherwise you will get camera shake.)

10. Shutter Speed Slower Shutter Speeds shows movement Faster Shutter Speeds freezes movement

11. Light Meter The camera uses a Light Meter to find the correct exposure time. The light meter is either ; Built into the camera (Through The Lens or TTL) A separate hand held unit The light meter will indicate the correct combinations of apertures and shutter speeds.

12. Shutter Speed and Aperture Combinations Chart Faster shutter speed Less light reaches film Less chance of motion blurring Slower shutter speed More light reaches film More chance of motion blurring Shutter Speed Aperture Larger aperture More light reaches film Less depth of field Smaller aperture Less light reaches film More depth of field

13. How were these images taken? 2. 1. 3. 4.