Farmers’ Perception, Adaptation and Response

1. Farmers’ Perception, Adaptation and Response Ernest L. Molua (University of Buea, Cameroon)

2. Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change

3. Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture Impacts… Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change Schlenker and Lobell (2010)

4. Projected ranges of climate change impacts on African agriculture, expressed as change in percent relative to present conditions Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change

5. Responses to climate change Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change

6. 4 n a e 3.5 m l a b 3 o Future temperature l g e increase l 2.5 r a u Business as i t r t a usual s r 2 u e d p Stabilization n m i - scenario e 1.5 e t r p e 1 v o b 0.5 a C ° 0 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year Need to Adapt and Mitigate at the Same Time 2100 Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change NASA/GISS

7. Quantifying Vulnerability and Resilience to Climate Change Sensitivity sectors Coping and Adaptive Capacity sectors Settlement Economics Food Human Resources Health Environment Ecosystems Water Coping-Adaptive Capacity Indicators Sensitivity Indicators National Baseline Estimates and Projections of Sectoral Indicators, Sensitivity and Coping-Adaptive Capacity, and Vulnerability-Resilience Response Indicators to Climate Change R. Moss: 2001 Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change

8. Integrated vulnerability/adaptation Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change Source: Bohle, Watts, Downing

9. Types of adaptation • Reactive and anticipatory adaptation • Reactive • institutions, individuals, plants and animals make in response to climate change, after the fact. • Anticipatory • deliberate decisions to prepare for potential effects of climate change; i.e. taken in advance of climate change, before the fact. • requires foresight and planning, whereas reaction does not require but may involve foresight and planning. • Autonomous and planned adaptation • Autonomous adaptation • natural or spontaneous adjustments in the face of a changing climate • Planned adaptation • conscious intervention, e.g. building sea walls. • may be used to influence (autonomous) adaptation by other actors Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change

10. Strategies to reduce sensitivity or increase coping capacity Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change

11. Examples of Agricultural Adaptation • Crop diversification • Introduction of new crops • Extensification of most hardy crops • Development of irrigated agriculture/Improved irrigation efficiency • Shifting planting dates • Reduction of post-harvest losses • Soil fertilisation • Irrigation • Training programmes and dissemination • Research and development of new (salinity and drought resistant) crops Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change

12. Adaptation strategies can be categorized into four major categories • Agricultural techniquesto adapt to changes in rainfall regime, which include e.g. seed selection, adapt planting dates, adapt fertilizer application, adapt feed techniques, improve food storage facilities, change of pastoral system; • Water management techniquesto adapt to changes in rainfall regime, which include e.g. use of water harvesting techniques, rehabilitate terraces, improve irrigation techniques, improve watering sites in pastoral areas; • Diversification techniquesin order to diversify the income sources, which include e.g. temporal or permanent migration, use of alternative sources for fuel wood, home-garden agriculture, changes in the consumption pattern or reductions of livestock herds; and • Communal pooling techniques, which include e.g. reforestation, rangeland preservation, communal food storage facilities or local water management rules. Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change

13. Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change Bryan et al: 2011

14. Constraints to Adaptation Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change Bryan et al: 2011

15. Framework for selection, evaluation and prioritizing adaptation practices Training on Ecomomic Analyses of Climate Change