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Standard 8-5 PART 2 The student will understand the impact of i ndustrialization and Progressivism on society and politics in South Carolina in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. . When Wade Hampton was in control…. He was governor of SC
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Standard 8-5PART 2The student will understand the impact of industrialization and Progressivism on society and politics in South Carolina in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
When Wade Hampton was in control…. • He was governor of SC • He was willing to give African Americans a chance in government and did recognize their new rights, but….. members of his democratic party made it difficult. Here’s how…. 1. Eight Box Law was created. (requiring people to pass a reading test and pay a tax to vote.) 2. Gerrymandering- re-drew congressional districts so that there was only (1) district that had African American majority.
BENJAMIN TILLMAN • SC Governor in 1890 • Loved by the poor, white farmers • Was considered a “populist” because he was POPULAR among COMMON PEOPLE and AGAINST THE ELITE. • He pushed for a new state constitution. This constitution included the following: 1. Poll taxes be paid 6 months before the election (did not apply to anyone whose “grandfather voted in the 1860 election) 2. Voters must pass a reading test in order to vote (did not apply to anyone whose “grandfather voted in the 1860 election)
3. Separate schools for Black and white students 4. A series of “social segregation (separation)” laws. Also called “Jim Crow Laws” **Jim Crow Laws were allowed because the separate facilities were “separate but equal” (schools, water fountains, hospitals, restaurant's, buses, ect..)
INDUSTRIALIZATION in the United States • Steel and oilindustries grew • Coal and ironore were discovered out West • The Transcontinental railroad was being build and needed steel • People Were starting their own businesses (entrepreneurs) • New technologies • Meat packing and grain processing plants were built • Immigrants provided labor for expanding factories
INDUSTRILIZATION in South Carolina • Remained unaffected by all the economic growth • DID NOT attract immigrants looking for work • The elite looked down on the development of industry. They were more interested in bringing back the “old south” • But, SC did pay attention to the big railroad boom! Columbia became a very popular stopping spot on tract routes. • The transcontinental trains helped create time zones and standard time.
Textiles in SC • Because we had lots of raw materials and a changing attitude about the development of industry, the textile industry GREW. • Local investors donated a lot of the money to build textile mills • SC had a lot of workers ready to work…. But not immigrants • A lot of people moved to MILL VILLIAGES, which provided jobs, schools, churches, and stores. • Most African Americans were NOT considered for Mill jobs • Most mills produced cloth on spindles. • By 1910, SC was the 2nd largest textile producing state
Life for Mill Workers • Many children worked in the mills because their small fingers were able to get to the broken threads. Also because they could withstand “workplace accidents” better. • Many people worked long hours, low pay, and were nicknamed “lint heads” • SC mill workers earned half of what other mill workers in other states earned. • Worked 6am-6pm…. Until Tillman reduced the working hours to 66 hrs. a week • Lots of workers suffered from TB (lunge disease from breathing in cotton fibers) • Unions were not successful • The US government supported mill OWNERS, not mill WORKERS.
Other industries • Cottonseed oil • Lumber • Phosphates for fertilizer(found in Charleston and Beaufort) • Phosphate mining (but the 1893 Charleston hurricane destroyed this industry in SC and more phosphate was found in FL.)
Farmer Problems • Small farms replaced big plantations in the South. • After Reconstruction, the government still did nothing to help out the small farmer. • Cotton was still grown, but it didn’t bring in as much money as before. Other areas were also growing cotton. (the supply of cotton was higher than the demand for cotton=cotton was less valuable. ) • Instead of helping the farmers. The Conservatives passed a “crop lien law” that said if a farmers owed any money to the government, the first thing that was going to be take away were their crops. • Farmers were unable to make land and equipment payments. • Dry weather and insects (boll weevil and army worm) also hurt the crops.
The Populist Party • Started by farmers. (“The Grange”) • Supported railroads, banking, silver coins, loans for farmer, Senator elections, secret ballots, and income tax. • The farmers and industry workers teamed up and created the 8hr work day and immigration restrictions. • Successful in electing senators, governors, and state legistrators.
Creating Clemson • Benjamin Tilman’sidea to build an agriculture college to teach farmers better crop management and to develop new crops. • He opposed the University of SC because it was too elite. • Thomas Clemson supplied the money to build Clemson. • Was a “land grant college”
Charleston Earthquakes • 1886 • Largest, most destructive, most costly, and deadly earthquake ever! • The way Charleston responded to this event, revolutionized and modernized practices in construction, preparation, emergency response, and scientific study to this day. • 1893 • Destroyed rice fields • Tobacco, peach trees, and cotton took the place of rice.
Movin’, Movin’, Movin’ • BEFORE the Civil War a lot of people were moving WEST. • AFTERthe Civil War, people stoppedmoving….. Couldn’t afford it. • The government offered FREE LAND to anyone who moved out West (Homestead Act) • Transcontinental Railroad helped people travel and brought the 1st immigrants from China and Europe to help lay the tracks • Lots of African Americans moved up North for factory jobs. (LOTS of reasons why…….)
Immigration • Immigrants did not come to SC for many reasons…. - depression - lack of land -lack of jobs -failing crops • Those who did come to SC established businesses and made important contributions to the state. (ex: The State newspaper editor was from Cuba) • Lots of immigrants came to the northwest and Midwest • Many immigrants were too poor to move beyond port cities • Ethnic neighborhoods grew (Little Italy, Greektown, Polonia) • A lot of immigrants were elected into political jobs and helped solve urban problems • Nativismexisted. (treating immigrants the same as African Americans)
Progressive Movement • In the United States….. Progressives wanted to change the corrupt government, end the “money crazy” practice of big businesses, improve working conditions, and address migrant and immigrant problems. • In SC….. Progressives wanted to focus on child labor, fair treatment of workers, temperance (no alcohol), women’s right to vote, and education.
CHILD LABOR LAWS • Forbid any child under the age of 12, then 14, then 16, from working in mines and factories. PROHIBITION • no selling, drinking, or buying alcohol • People believed that alcohol was a “social ill” and wanted to improve morality. • This conflicted with the cultures of immigrants, such as the Germans, Irish, and Italians. • Not successful. Led to “bootlegging” and “moonshiners” • The KKK started attacking these bootleggers and immigrants who continued to drink. HOSPITALS • Were improved and patients were treated better ROADS • Were improved and the Highway Department was created
LIBRARIES • Were created. TAXES • Tax commission was created to help taxes be more fair • Income Tax laws were enforced GOVERNMENT REFORM • Limit the power of voting power of mill workers in SC • Eliminate the African American vote • Governor Robert Cooper supported raising state taxes to increase spending on education and increased the school year to 7 months. • Governor Richard Manning developed a fair tax system and enforced income taxes. Established schools, improved hospitals, and paved roads.
