Amanda R Hintz SUNY University at Buffalo May 29, 2009

1. Determining the long-term behavior of intraplate volcanic fields: An integrated study of physical volcanology, tectonics and hazard assessment Amanda R Hintz SUNY University at Buffalo May 29, 2009

2. Overview • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Long-term volcanic field behavior • Provide new insights to the overall nature of volcanic fields • Improve the understanding of processes • governing the evolution of volcanic fields and long-term hazard issues 5 km Image Credit: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=8650

3. Introduction and Significance • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Volcanic field variability • What are the processes that ultimately control the timing, distribution, eruptive behavior of volcanic fields? • Present state of knowledge • There is a need to characterize these fields’ activity and behavior to properly advance our understanding of basaltic volcanism and potential hazards Image Credit: Priest et al. (2001)

4. Working Hypothesis and Goals • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Volcanic fields are the result of a complex relationship between tectonics and magma influx • The Lunar Crater volcanic field (LCVF) may represent an intermediate volcanic field • Work will focus on characterizing the field in terms of its long-term time-volume behavior and identifying patterns between the LCVF and other volcanic fields

5. Background and Geology • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Regional geology and structure Image Credit: Foland and Bergman (1992) Image Credit: Crowe et al. (1986)

6. Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline Eruptive History 5 km Image Credit: http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/EPIC/Collections/Dohrenwend/ Image Credit: Smith et al. (2002)

7. Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline Geochemistry Reveille Range et al. LCVF Image Credit: Yogodzinski et al. (1996) Image Credit: Dickson (1995)

8. Methodology Overview • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Rationale • Divisions • Physical volcanology, scales • Structural and topographic relationships • Volumetrics • Time-volume behavior • Hazard assessment

9. Physical Volcanology • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Objective : Make determinations about eruptive styles and behaviors based on physical observations to elucidate a potential correlation between volcanic fields Lunar Crater Maar

10. Physical Volcanology • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Observations and measurements of; • Lava flows • Pyroclastic cones • Phenocryst, xenolith and lithic assemblages • Feeder dike • length scales Scoria outcrop near Easy Chair Crater Mantle xenolith from Easy Chair Maar

11. Physical Volcanology • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Working with existing maps • Separation and definition of units • Clarification • Volcanic event • Rafts • Stratigraphic relationships Image Credit: Modified from Snyder et al. (1972) and Dickson (1995)

12. Physical Volcanology • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Geomorphic relationships • Burial by sediments • Formation of desert pavement on lava flows • Erosion and weathering Examples of desert pavement formation. Top: better formed desert pavement on older lava flow. Bottom: desert pavement is not well formed on younger flow Image Credit: Dohrenwend et al. (1987)

13. Structural Relationships • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Vent and fault patterns • Alignments • Intersections • En echelon • Objective: To use the volcano-tectonic interactions in the LCVF to help distinguish the field’s underlying controls Image Credit: Dickson (1995)

14. Structural Relationships • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Reveille Range • Dike-fault interactions • Near surface dike morphology, i.e. shallow plumbing • Topographic relationships

15. Volumetric Analysis • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Based on; • Topographic and geologic maps • DEMs and other ‘xyz’ data available • Field observations • Model Image Credit: http://img206.imageshack.us/img206/8048/differencexrayis9.jpg Image Credit: http://www.landscapemodeling.org/html/ch2/images/2.51.png Image Credit: http://populararchitecture.com/images/560/para_03.jpg

16. Time-volume behavior • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Objective: To delineate the eruptive history and time-volume relationships at LCVF to determine the relationship fundamental controls on volcanism in volcanic fields • Volume calculations and feeder dike length scales will be used to estimate the ratio of tectonic to magmatic control Image Credit: Valentine and Perry (2006) Image Credit: Valentine and Perry (2007)

17. Hazard Assessment • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Time-volume behavior is a first order approximation on the long-term behavior of volcanic fields • Individual fields should also be assessed with a probabilistic approach

18. Resources • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Resources on hand • Mapping, computers, software, field equipment • Needed resources • Potential software for volume model • Additional radiometric dating Image Credit: Greg Valentine (2008)

19. Potential Limitations and Solutions • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Potential Problems • Unable to work out eruptive history • Unable to create volume model • LCVF does not show a correlation with the time-volume behavior hypothesized • Alternatives • Calculate by hand • Use area (?) • Limitations • Exposures • Software expertise • Effects on interpretations and conclusions • Large errors • Erroneous hazard analysis Image Credit: NASA

20. Anticipated Results • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Support of hypothesis • LCVF shows characteristics of both magmatically and tectonically controlled volcanic field • Products • Model to evaluate interlocking and overlapping scoria cone and lava flow volumes • Detailed maps • Volcanic field database

21. Potential Implications • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline • Impacts • Broadening the understanding of volcanic field behavior • Increasing the fundamental knowledge of basaltic volcanism through better models of the timing and distribution of eruptions within volcanic fields • Potential applications to determining links between monogenetic and polygenetic volcanism • Providing the volcanological community with a case study of young volcanism and its potential eroded analogs • Hazard analysis

22. Project Timeline • Overview • Introduction and Significance • Background and Geology • Methods and Analysis • Resources • Limitations • Implications • Results • Timeline