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Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning. Unit 3- Module 15 notes. Operant Conditioning. Definition: A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior Developed from an idea known as the Law of Effect

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Operant Conditioning

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  1. Operant Conditioning Unit 3- Module 15 notes

  2. Operant Conditioning • Definition: • A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior • Developed from an idea known as the Law of Effect • Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently • Behaviors with unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently

  3. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement • Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior • Punishment • Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior • The LEARNER determines if a consequences is a reinforcement or a punishment!

  4. Operant Conditioning • A student skips class because she doesn’t really like school. As a result, she is suspended. • Is this a punishment or a reinforcement?

  5. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement- two types • Positive reinforcement • Anything that increased the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state • Example: pay for grades

  6. Operant Conditioning • Negative Reinforcement • Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state • Negative DOES NOT mean “bad”- it means that something is being “subtracted” • Example- taking aspirin for a headache • Since the headache goes away, then the behavior of taking aspirin is negatively enforced

  7. Operant Conditioning • A child throws a tantrum in a store because he wants some candy. Mom buys the child candy and the tantrum stops • The end of the tantrum negatively reinforced the mother’s behavior of buying candy.

  8. Operant Conditioning • Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcement • Taking Meth produces a high in the short term (immediate reinforcement)- the long term effects include loss of pleasure, insomnia, paranoia, aged skin, loss of teeth, and increases the likelihood of stroke, brain damage, and death (delayed reinforcement) • Immediate Reinforcement can be more powerful, but delayed reinforcement can be more gratifying in the long run

  9. Operant Conditioning

  10. Operant Conditioning • Primary vs Secondary Reinforcement • Primary • Something that is naturally reinforcing (food if you are hungry, for example) • Secondary • Something that you have learned to value • Is money a primary or secondary reinforcer? • Secondary- by itself, it has no value. But we have learned that we can spend it for things that we desire

  11. Operant Conditioning • Punishment- 2 forms • Positive punishment: behavior leads to something undesirable • Example: touching a hot stove burn your hand, decreases likelihood that you’ll touch the stove again

  12. Operant Conditioning • Negative Punishment: the behavior ends something desirable • Example: Getting caught sneaking out of the house and having cell phone taken away

  13. Operant Conditioning • Problems with punishment • May not end the desire to engage in the behavior • If you get caught cussing in the hallway and are given a detention, will you never cuss again? • May lead to fear and anxiety • Overly harsh parenting may lead to run-aways

  14. Operant Conditioning • What makes punishment effective? • Usually most effective when used as little as possible

  15. Operant Conditioning • Shaping • Reinforcing behaviors that are similar to a behavior that you want to teach • Example: learning to ride a bike

  16. Operant Conditioning • Just like in Classical Conditioning, we can observe discrimination and extinction in Operant Conditioning • Discrimination- getting up to leave a classroom when the bell rings, but not getting up to leave when the intercom tones go off • Extinction- if the mother of the tantrum throwing toddler does NOT give the child candy, then the child will eventually stop throwing tantrums

  17. Operant Conditioning • Schedules of reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement- reward follows every correct response (example: child gets $1 every morning he makes his bed) • Most useful for teaching new behaviors • Behavior can be extinguished quickly- why? • Constant rewards are needed and EXPECTED

  18. Operant Conditioning • Partial Reinforcement • Reward only follows some correct responses- not all • Example: lottery • 2 categories (4 types) • Interval schedules- focus on time that elapses • Ration schedules- focus on number of responses

  19. Operant Conditioning • Fixed-Interval Schedule • Rewards only the 1st correct response after some defined period of time has passed • Example: Mr Wood’s Monday quizzes! • Reinforced (grade), behavior (studying), fixed-interval (once a week)

  20. Operant Conditioning • Variable-Interval Schedule • Rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time has passed • Example- attendance quizzes in college courses

  21. Operant Conditioning • Fixed-Ratio Schedule • Reward only after a certain number of correct responses • Example: Qdoba, Rainsing Canes rewards cards

  22. Operant Conditioning • Variable- Ratio Schedule • Rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses • Example: Lottery, Slot machines, gambling

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