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Standard Costs

Standard Costs. Chapter Ten. Learning Objectives. After studying this chapter, you should be able to:. 1. Explain how direct materials standards and direct labour standards are set. 2. Compute the direct materials price and quantity variances and explain their significance.

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Standard Costs

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  1. Standard Costs Chapter Ten

  2. Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain how direct materials standards and direct labour standards are set. 2. Compute the direct materials price and quantity variances and explain their significance. 3. Compute mix and yield variances for materials and explain their significance.

  3. Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 4. Compute the direct labour rate and efficiency variances and explain their significance. 5. Compute the variable manufacturing overhead spending and efficiency variances. 6. (Appendix 10A) Prepare journal entries to record standard costs and variances.

  4. Standard Costs Standards are benchmarks or “norms”for measuring performance. Two typesof standards are commonly used. Quantity standardsspecify how much of aninput should be used tomake a product orprovide a service. Cost (price)standards specify how much should be paid for each unitof the input.

  5. Deviations from standard deemed significantare brought to the attention of management, apractice known as management by exception. Standard Costs Standard Amount DirectMaterial DirectLabour ManufacturingOverhead Type of Product Cost

  6. Exh. 10-1 Takecorrective actions Identifyquestions Receive explanations Conduct next period’s operations Analyze variances Variance Analysis Cycle Prepare standard cost performance report Begin

  7. Setting Standard Costs Accountants, engineers, purchasingagents, and production managerscombine efforts to set standards that encourage efficient future production.

  8. I recommend using practical standards that are currently attainable with reasonable and efficient effort. Should we useideal standards that require employees towork at 100 percent peak efficiency? Setting Standard Costs Engineer ManagerialAccountant

  9. QuantityStandards Final, deliveredcost of materials,net of discounts. Summarized in a Bill of Materials. Setting Direct Material Standards PriceStandards

  10. Setting Standards In recent years, TQM advocates have soughtto eliminate all defects and waste, rather than continually build them into standards. As a result allowances for waste andspoilage that are built into standardsshould be reduced over time.

  11. RateStandards TimeStandards Often a singlerate is used that reflectsthe mix of wages earned. Use time and motion studies foreach labour operation. Setting Direct Labour Standards

  12. RateStandards ActivityStandards The rate is the variable portion of the predetermined overhead rate. The activity is the base used to calculate the predetermined overhead. Setting Variable Overhead Standards

  13. Standard Cost Card – Variable Production Cost A standard cost card for one unit of product might look like this:

  14. Astandardis a per unit cost. • Standards are often used when preparing budgets. Standards vs. Budgets Are standards the same as budgets? A budget is set for total costs.

  15. The purchasing manager is responsible for raw material purchase prices and the production manager is responsible for the quantity of raw material used. • The buying and using activities occur at different times. Raw material purchases may be held in inventory for a period of time before being used in production. Price and Quantity Standards Price and and quantity standards are determined separately for two reasons:

  16. Price Variance Quantity Variance Difference betweenactual price and standard price Difference betweenactual quantity andstandard quantity A General Model for Variance Analysis Variance Analysis

  17. Price Variance Quantity Variance Materials price varianceLabour rate varianceVOH spending variance A General Model for Variance Analysis Variance Analysis Materials quantity variance Labour efficiency variance VOH efficiency variance

  18. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance A General Model for Variance Analysis

  19. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity× × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance Actual quantity is the amount of direct materials, direct labour, and variable manufacturing overhead actually used. A General Model for Variance Analysis

  20. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity× × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance Standard quantity is the standard quantity allowed for the actual output for the period. A General Model for Variance Analysis

  21. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance A General Model for Variance Analysis Actual price is the amount actuallypaid for the for the input used.

  22. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance A General Model for Variance Analysis Standard priceis the amount that should have been paid for the input used.

  23. Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price Variance Quantity Variance A General Model for Variance Analysis (AQ × AP) – (AQ × SP) (AQ × SP) – (SQ × SP) AQ = Actual Quantity SP = Standard Price AP = Actual Price SQ = Standard Quantity

  24. Material Variances Example Glacier Peak Outfitters has the following direct material standard for the fiberfill in its mountain parka. 0.1 kg. of fiberfill per parka at $5.00 per kg. Last month 210 kgs of fiberfill were purchased and used to make 2,000 parkas. The material cost a total of $1,029.

  25. Price variance$21 favorable Quantity variance$50 unfavorable Material Variances Summary Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price 210 kgs. 210 kgs. 200 kgs. × × × $4.90 per kg. $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. = $1,029 = $1,050 = $1,000

  26. $1,029  210 kgs = $4.90 per kg Material Variances Summary Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price 210 kgs. 210 kgs. 200 kgs. × × × $4.90 per kg. $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. = $1,029 = $1,050 = $1,000 Price variance$21 favorable Quantity variance$50 unfavorable

  27. 0.1 kg per parka  2,000 parkas = 200 kgs Material Variances Summary Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price 210 kgs. 210 kgs. 200 kgs. × × × $4.90 per kg. $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. = $1,029 = $1,050 = $1,000 Price variance$21 favorable Quantity variance$50 unfavorable

  28. Material Variances:Using the Factored Equations Materials price variance MPV = AQ (AP - SP) = 210 kgs ($4.90/kg - $5.00/kg) = 210 kgs (-$0.10/kg) = $21 F Materials quantity variance MQV = SP (AQ - SQ) = $5.00/kg (210 kgs-(0.1 kg/parka 2,000 parkas)) = $5.00/kg (210 kgs - 200 kgs) = $5.00/kg (10 kgs) = $50 U

  29. Purchasing Manager Production Manager Responsibility for Material Variances Materials Quantity Variance Materials Price Variance The standard price is used to compute the quantity varianceso that the production manager is not held responsible forthe purchasing manager’s performance.

  30. Your poor scheduling sometimes requires me to rush order material at a higher price, causing unfavorable price variances. I am not responsible for this unfavorable materialquantity variance. You purchased cheapmaterial, so my peoplehad to use more of it. Responsibility for Material Variances

  31. Zippy Quick Check  Hanson Inc. has the following direct material standard to manufacture one Zippy: 1.5 pounds per Zippy at $4.00 per pound Last week 1,700 pounds of material were purchased and used to make 1,000 Zippies. The material cost a total of $6,630.

  32. Zippy Quick Check  Hanson’s material price variance (MPV)for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable.

  33. Zippy MPV = AQ(AP - SP) MPV = 1,700 lbs. × ($3.90 - 4.00) MPV = $170 Favorable Quick Check  Hanson’s material price variance (MPV)for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable.

  34. Zippy Quick Check  Hanson’s material quantity variance (MQV)for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable.

  35. Zippy MQV = SP(AQ - SQ) MQV = $4.00(1,700 lbs - 1,500 lbs) MQV = $800 unfavorable Quick Check  Hanson’s material quantity variance (MQV)for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable.

  36. Zippy Price variance$170 favorable Quantity variance$800 unfavorable Quick Check  Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity × × × Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price 1,700 lbs. 1,700 lbs. 1,500 lbs. × × × $3.90 per lb. $4.00 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $6,630 = $ 6,800 = $6,000

  37. I’ll start computingthe price variancewhen material ispurchased rather thanwhen it’s used. I need the price variancesooner so that I can betteridentify purchasing problems. You accountants just don’tunderstand the problems thatpurchasing managers have. Isolation of Material Variances

  38. The price variance is computed on the entire quantitypurchased. • The quantity variance is computed only on the quantityused. Material Variances Hanson purchased and used 1,700 pounds. How are the variances computed if the amount purchaseddiffers from the amount used?

  39. Zippy Quick Check  Continued Hanson Inc. has the following material standard to manufacture one Zippy: 1.5 pounds per Zippy at $4.00 per pound Last week 2,800 pounds of material were purchased at a total cost of $10,920, and 1,700 pounds were used to make 1,000 Zippies.

  40. Zippy Price variance increases because quantity purchased increases. Price variance$280 favorable Quick Check  Continued Actual Quantity Actual QuantityPurchased Purchased× ×Actual Price Standard Price 2,800 lbs. 2,800 lbs. × × $3.90 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $10,920 = $11,200

  41. Zippy Quantity variance is unchanged because actual and standard quantities are unchanged. Quantity variance$800 unfavorable Quick Check  Continued Actual QuantityUsed Standard Quantity × × Standard Price Standard Price 1,700 lbs. 1,500 lbs. × × $4.00 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $6,800 = $6,000

  42. Further Analysis of Materials Variances: Mix and Yield When the production process requires the input of more than one material, the material quantity variance (MQV) can be further broken down into mix variance and yield variance.

  43. Mix and Yield Variances Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity @ Std. Mix (M) × × × Standard Price Standard Price Standard Price Mix Variance Yield Variance Material Quantity Variance SP(AQ - M) SP(M - SQ) AQ = Actual QuantityM= AQ @ Std. MixSP= Standard PriceSQ = Standard Quantity

  44. Example of Mix and Yield Variances • One unit of finished goods requires the following input mix: • 2 kgs of A with a standard price of $1.50/kg • 3 kgs of B with a standard price of $2.50/kg • The standard mix is thus 2A:3B • During the period, 150 units of finished goods were produced using 350 kgs of A and 450 kgs of B.

  45. Mix and Yield Variances • Mix Variance: SP(AQ - M) Material A: $1.50 x [350 – 2/5 (350 + 450)] = $45 U Material B: $2.50 x [450 – 3/5 (350 + 450)] = $75 F • Yield Variance: SP(M - SQ) Material A: $1.50 x [2/5 (350 + 450) – 150(2)] = $30 U Material B: $2.50 x [3/5 (350 + 450) – 150 (3)] = $75 U • Material Quantity Variance: SP(AQ - SQ) Material A: $1.50 x [350 – 150(2)] = $75 U Material B: $2.50 x [450 – 150 (3)] = $-0- U

  46. Material Mix and Yield Variances

  47. Labour Variances Example Glacier Peak Outfitters has the following direct labour standard for its mountain parka. 1.2 standard hours per parka at $10.00 per hour Last month employees actually worked 2,500 hours at a total labour cost of $26,250 to make 2,000 parkas.

  48. Rate variance$1,250 unfavorable Efficiency variance$1,000 unfavorable Labour Variances Summary Actual Hours Actual Hours Standard Hours × × × Actual Rate Standard Rate Standard Rate 2,500 hours 2,500 hours 2,400 hours × × ×$10.50 per hour $10.00 per hour. $10.00 per hour = $26,250 = $25,000 = $24,000

  49. $26,250  2,500 hours = $10.50 per hour Rate variance$1,250 unfavorable Efficiency variance$1,000 unfavorable Labour Variances Summary Actual Hours Actual Hours Standard Hours × × × Actual Rate Standard Rate Standard Rate 2,500 hours 2,500 hours 2,400 hours × × ×$10.50 per hour $10.00 per hour. $10.00 per hour = $26,250 = $25,000 = $24,000

  50. 1.2 hours per parka  2,000 parkas = 2,400 hours Rate variance$1,250 unfavorable Efficiency variance$1,000 unfavorable Labour Variances Summary Actual Hours Actual Hours Standard Hours × × × Actual Rate Standard Rate Standard Rate 2,500 hours 2,500 hours 2,400 hours × × ×$10.50 per hour $10.00 per hour. $10.00 per hour = $26,250 = $25,000 = $24,000

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