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Europe and the World: New Encounters 1500 - 1800

Europe and the World: New Encounters 1500 - 1800. God, Gold, and Glory. Motivations. God = Missionaries Centralized to control Hospitals, orphanages, and schools Nuns new option for women Convert and save souls Gold = trade goods and mines

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Europe and the World: New Encounters 1500 - 1800

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  1. Europe and the World: New Encounters 1500 - 1800 God, Gold, and Glory

  2. Motivations God = Missionaries • Centralized to control • Hospitals, orphanages, and schools • Nuns new option for women • Convert and save souls Gold = trade goods and mines Glory = increased status, reinforced European ego • The Travels of John Mandeville • Stories of precious stones and gold in Africa • Marco Polo’s Travels; Venice to Asia • Prester John • Mixture of all three • Legendary Christian king of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) • Fired the imaginations of Portuguese

  3. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

  4. Means of Exploration • Strong monarchies and resources • Old Technology • Potolani – detailed charts, but flat and no use off shore • Technology • Maps (Ptolemy’s Geography) • new ships (more mobile and larger) • Pole Star navigation (only in N. Hemisphere) • Compass and astrolabe • More knowledge of wind patterns

  5. caravel with lateen sail

  6. AGE OF DISCOVERY

  7. PORTUGAL • Prince Henry (1394-1460) • African Coast • Area on hump of W Africa known as “Gold Coast” • (gold, ivory, and slaves) • Battles with Arabs to monopolize the spice trade • Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque set up port @ Goa, India • Slaughtered Arabs in Malacca and took over • From there to China and the Spice Islands • No colonies, but ports due to weapons and seamanship

  8. Prince Henry the Navigator • Portuguese Exploration: 15th Century

  9. Bartholomeu Diaz – Around Cape of Good Hope • First whisper of a route to Asia • Vasco de Gama – Cape of Good Hope to East Africa to India • Landed in Calicut on S. Coast of India (Christians and spices)

  10. Set up port at Goa near today’s Bombay • Fought destructive battles with Muslims

  11. SPAIN * Columbus (Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola) • Vasco Nunez de Balboa – Pacific Ocean • Ferdinand Magellan – circumnavigate • Bull of Demarcation (1494) • Treaty of Tordesilla • Money was from private backers • Successful • Weapons • Organizational skills • Determination (for 3 Gs) • Utilized rivalry among natives

  12. Christopher Columbus: Admiral of the Ocean Sea

  13. Spanish in New World • Balboa – Panama & Pacific Ocean • Magellan – 1st to circumnavigate, gave foothold in Philippines • Cortez – Aztecs in Mexico • Pizarro – Incas in Peru • Ponce de Leon – Florida • Coronado – SW US • Administration style: confusion, paternalism and exploitation • Central and South America become Latin America and 1st multiracial society

  14. Cortex vs. Moctezuma & the Aztecs

  15. Pizarro vs. Pachkuti & the Inca

  16. Spanish vs. Natives • Econmienda: system permitting Spain to collect tribute from natives and use them as laborers while protecting, paying wages, and supervising their spiritual needs • Audiencias • Assisted viceroys with judging issues

  17. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

  18. “Africa” Center PanelJan van der Heyden, 1664-66 • Dutch East India Company took some forts from the Portuguese and settled (Cape Town) • People became known as Boers • Slavery increased due to sugarcane in Americas, regional impact, ruler reaction differed • Effects • Personal tragedy • $ for goods • Increased warfare within Africa Society of Friends (Quakers) against slavery

  19. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

  20. “Coffin” Position Below Deck Sharks followed the slave ships!

  21. 17c Dutch Global Commerce • Batavia was the Dutch center of power in the Dutch East Indies, plagued by malaria = high Dutch mortality rate

  22. Mughal dynasty finally united Portuguese versus the British and Dutch British influence they fought with the Dutch and French Sir Robert Clive strong leader of the East India Company French had no crown support India

  23. The Black Hole of Calcutta • British didn’t always win. • Many were imprison by local Indian rulers at periods during the take over

  24. Incredible strong and insular nation Ming dynasty 1369 – 1644 Had strong leaders for most of rule Portuguese made first contact in this era Qing dynasty Took over from Ming Very strong Restricted Europeans at first English actually began trading Missionaries Jesuits stressed similarities and were OK with ancestor worship Franciscans and Dominicans complained Chinese wanted everyone out! China

  25. Lord Macartney wanted less restrictions on Europeans • Emperor Qianlong says “Denied!!!”

  26. South East Asia • Portuguese were unsuccessful • Spanish in Philippines • Dutch drove all others out and had Indonesia • Mainland was able to unite and keep Europeans out • Vietnam was divided N/S between the French and Dutch with French missionaries present

  27. Portuguese again made first contact Tokugawa shoguns Ruled 1543 -- 1868 Many different groups of missionaries Dutch were allowed to stay since they stayed out of politics Jesuits destroyed idols and were not welcome Japan

  28. Dutch Ship in NagasakiLate 18c

  29. John Cabot (Genovese) NE coast of North America • Champlain established French colony in Quebec

  30. Cartier (French) – St. Lawrence River • Henry Hudson (Dutch) – New York (Hudson River) Fort Orange (Albany, NY)in New Netherlands

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