Download
1 / 15
170 likes | 454 Views
String Theory (Overview). by Robert J. Nemiroff Michigan Technological University. Physics X: About This Course. Officially "Extraordinary Concepts in Physics" Being taught for credit at Michigan Tech Light on math, heavy on concepts Anyone anywhere is welcome No textbook required
E N D
String Theory (Overview) by Robert J. Nemiroff Michigan Technological University
Physics X: About This Course • Officially "Extraordinary Concepts in Physics" • Being taught for credit at Michigan Tech • Light on math, heavy on concepts • Anyone anywhere is welcome • No textbook required • Wikipedia, web links, and lectures only • Find all the lectures with Google at: • "Starship Asterisk" then "Physics X" • http://bb.nightskylive.net/asterisk/viewforum.php?f=39
String Theory • attempts to explain both gravitational and quantum effects in a single theory. • models electrons and quarks not as one dimensional points but two dimensional strings. • Strings posses only length, not height or width. • Usually posit the existence of several extra spatial dimensions, besides the well known 3 and time (a fourth). • Now considered as part of 11-dimensional M-theory. RJN Note: I am not a string theorist. My understanding of this particularly deep topic may be flawed.
String Theory: Strings of what? What are these strings (and branes) made out of? This is rarely addressed. Formally, only gross attributes are considered: length, spin, energy, tension, background, and boundary attributes. One possibility is that strings are made out of a confined form of dark energy, not unlike miniature versions of cosmic strings or domain walls. Cosmic strings might then be stretched versions of particle strings from the early universe.
String Theory: Branes • Branes (short for membranes) are more general than strings. • D-brane: string end with Dirchlet boundary conditions • P-brane (black): a black hole solution generalized to 11 dimensions • NS5-brane: a five dimensional object that can mimic a magnetic monopole
String Theory: Open and closed strings Strings can be open or closed. Examples: • closed string: graviton • open string: photon Strings have: • size • tension • vibrations • translation • the ability to split and reconnect Designed to have many more degrees of freedom than a point particle
String Theory: Actions Define how strings move through space. Strings will move to minimize an "action" integral. Two types: • Nambu-Goto action • simplest invariant action • not all that useful • Polyakov action • involves string tension • better constrained by boundary conditions
String theory: Number of spatial dimensions In classical physics, E&M, and GR, there are three space dimensions and one time dimension. These are empirical. In string theories, the number of dimensions is determined by things like potential energy and the need to make force-carrying particles like the photon massless. All of these new dimensions are in space, not in time.
String Theory: Compact Dimensions Extra space dimensions are not observed and so are hypothesized to be either very small or very large. • Very small dimensions • as small as the Planck scale (10-35 meters) • termed "compactified" • need small wavelength particles to fit in and "see" them • typically "rolled up" meaning circular • move in this dimension and you quickly return to your starting point • analogy: a garden hose viewed from far away appears as a two-dimensional string.
String Theory: Compact Dimensions • Very large dimensions • Called the "bulk" • We live on smaller-dimensional boundaries • termed the "brane" • Prediction: gravity much stronger on very small scales • because one sees "leaking" from the bulk
String Theory: Compact Dimensions Light and most particles are constrained to the brane. Gravity, however, is not, and can "spread out" over all of the dimensions of the bulk. • Acceleration due to gravity falls off as 1/r(D-1) where D is the number of spatial dimensions • This is one reason that gravity is weaker than electricity and magnetism.
Calabi-Yau Manifold A three dimensional projection of a multi-dimensional object having properties and symmetries inherent in a Calabi-Yau manifold.
String Theory: Falsifiable? Does string theory make falsifiable predictions? Historically, some famous physicists say no: • Feynman, Glashow, Smolin Some string theories predict that gravity will much stronger at very short distances. But this is not an easily falsifiable prediction.
String Theory: Falsifiable? "I wouldn't have thought that a wrong theory should lead us to understand better the ordinary quantum field theories or to have new insights about the quantum states of black holes." -- Edward Witten [Princeton IAS, Cite] "For more than a generation, physicists have been chasing a will-o’-the-wisp called string theory. The beginning of this chase marked the end of what had been three-quarters of a century of progress. Dozens of string-theory conferences have been held, hundreds of new Ph.D.s have been minted, and thousands of papers have been written. Yet, for all this activity, not a single new testable prediction has been made, not a single theoretical puzzle has been solved. In fact, there is no theory so far—just a set of hunches and calculations suggesting that a theory might exist. And, even if it does, this theory will come in such a bewildering number of versions that it will be of no practical use: a Theory of Nothing." -- Jim Holt [New Yorker, 2006]
