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Indian Ocean Trade

Explore the unique historical significance of the Indian Ocean trade from 600 to 1450, showcasing the interconnectivity of diverse cultures and goods. Learn about key trade routes, goods exchanged, and the cultural fusion exemplified in architectural marvels like Borobudur, Prambanan, and Angkor Wat.

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Indian Ocean Trade

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  1. Indian Ocean Trade 600-1450

  2. Indian Ocean Trade

  3. Southernization • Look back at your Indian Ocean articles and quotes. • What is important about the Indian Ocean?

  4. Unique in World History • “Zone of interaction” • First ocean to be crossed • “Sailor's ocean” • Warm water • Fairly placid waters • Wind patterns: one way = north of equator, the other = south of the equator

  5. Area around the ocean • Varied environments: • Tropical East Africa • Deserts around the Red Sea and Persian Gulf • Intensely wet southern India • Tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia

  6. Trade goods: • Teak from India • Mangrove swamps in East Africa • Arabian horses to India • Spices from Southeast Asia & Spice Islands • Frankincense from Arabia and Africa • ***Desired far beyond the Indian Ocean world

  7. People around the ocean • Madagascar settled by people from Southeast Asiaarrived via catamarans (1st millennium CE) • Slave trades & labor migrations • Slaves from East Africa to Arabia/India • From Southeast Asia to Southern Africa • Colonies of Romans in India; Arab Muslims & Jews in India; Indians and Chinese in SE Asia; Europeans in India, SE Asia, and East Africa…

  8. The things they carried… • Indian merchants brought Brahmin priests • Muslim scholars brought by Arab merchants • Christian merchants brought priests

  9. Borobudur (Java) • Largest Buddhist structure in the world • Built during Sailendras rule in Java (8th C CE—832) • Illustrates the wealth due to control of shipping lanes • Diffusion of Buddhism

  10. Borobudur (Java) • Illustrates Javanese Buddhism • Mahayana • Continual cycle of reincarnation • Low levels represent the earthly life • Continual path to enlightenment • Common Buddhist motifs: stupa, mandala • Unique to Java: sacred mountain

  11. Borobudur Stupa

  12. Prambanan (Java) • After the fall of the Sailendra dynasty: Hindu dynasty • The Sanjaya. • Built Prambananphysical manifestation of Hindu trinity • In SE Asia: cultural fusion (syncretism) known as Hindu-Buddhism

  13. Angkor Wat • Cambodia • Cultural diffusion of Hindu-Buddhism throughout SE Asia.

  14. Angkor Wat • Built by Khmer Empire • Dedicated to Vishnu • Height ca. 1200 CE • Cultivated rice • Extensive irrigation system • Violent martial art • Flourished until conquered by Burma

  15. Hindu-Buddhism • SYNCRETISM • Religious and cultural fusion on both mainland and islands of SE Asia • Final flowering: 14th and 15th C in Majapahit • In Java, Islam replaced due to arrival of Muslim traders; by 16th C, nearly entire island converted.

  16. Hindu-Buddhism • Majahapit court and religious community moved to Bali; still flourishes there • Eventually, new syncretic religion: blending Sufi Islam with Hindu-Buddhism. • Prone to mysticism • Today: Indonesia = most populous Muslim nation; national symbol = Garuda (Hindi eagle deity)

  17. Conclusions • How is the spread of Hinduism/Buddhism in SE Asia similar to/different from the spread of Islam in Africa and Spain? • What can we learn based on the architecture? • What similarities does this hold with other cultures around the world?

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