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DICOM Display Update: Color Presentation States Hanging Protocols

Dr. David A. Clunie explores the application of presentation states to color images, color blending techniques, hanging protocols, and the importance of color consistency in the field of medical imaging.

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DICOM Display Update: Color Presentation States Hanging Protocols

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  1. DICOM Display Update: Color Presentation StatesHanging Protocols The MedicineBehind the Image Dr. David A. Clunie, MB.,BS., FRACR Chief Technology Officer Princeton Radiology Pharmaceutical Research

  2. Overview • Review of Grayscale Presentation State • Color Presentation States • Color Consistency • Presentation States applied to Color Images • Color Blending - CT-PET fusion • Hanging Protocols

  3. Laser Printer Digital Modality Workstation Workstation Distributed Image Consistency Identical perceived contrast

  4. Spatial Transformations Entire Image Selected Flip Horizontal Scale To Fit Original Image Transformed Image

  5. Spatial Transformations Part of Image Selected Flip Horizontal Scale To Fit Original Image Transformed Image

  6. Transformation & Annotation Part of Image Selected Flip Horizontal Scale To Fit Mass behind heart Mass behind heart Original Image Transformed Image In this example, - text annotation is specified by image relative visible anchor point - the circle is a separate image relative graphic annotation

  7. Limitations of Grayscale Presentation States • Apply to grayscale images • no means to specify spatial transformations or graphic annotations for color images • Only grayscale consistency • standard display function defined only for luminance • No pseudo-color capability • No blending or fusion capability

  8. Printer Digital Modality Workstation Workstation Distributed Image Consistency Different perceived color

  9. Printer Digital Modality Workstation Workstation Distributed Image Consistency Identical perceived color

  10. True and Pseudo-Color

  11. Goals for Color • Color consistency • standard function • defined for image output space of existing color images • Transformation and annotation pipeline • Pseudo-color for grayscale images • Blending of grayscale images • alpha blending function • colorizing superimposed image

  12. Standard Color Space • GSDF filled a void • Color consistency already standardized • ICC - International Color Consortium • Graphics and pre-press industry • CIE Colorimetry • Profiles of input and output devices • COTS color management software handles conversion • Perceptual rendering intent

  13. Three New SOP Classes • Color Presentation State • Pseudo-Color Presentation State • Blending Presentation State • ICC Profile • Defines output of all color presentation states • Optionally present in all color images • PCS-Values (analogous to grayscale P-Values) • Profile Connection Space (CIELAB or CIEXYZ)

  14. Commonality • All presentation states share identical • Spatial transformation pipeline • Graphic and text annotation pipeline • Choice of output space • P-Values for grayscale • PCS-Values for color and pseudo-color and blending

  15. Old Grayscale Pipeline

  16. Grayscale & Color Pipeline

  17. Common Spatial & Annotation Pipeline

  18. Blending Pipeline

  19. Blending for CT-PET selectunderlying selectsuperimposed

  20. Blending for CT-PET selectunderlying [register] selectsuperimposed

  21. Blending for CT-PET selectunderlying [register] selectsuperimposed resample

  22. Blending for CT-PET selectunderlying [register] within slices selectsuperimposed resample

  23. Blending for CT-PET selectunderlying [register] within slices selectsuperimposed resample [between slices]

  24. Blending for CT-PET selectunderlying rescale andwindow [register] within slices selectsuperimposed resample [between slices]

  25. Blending for CT-PET selectunderlying rescale andwindow [register] within slices selectsuperimposed pseudo-color resample [between slices]

  26. Blending for CT-PET selectunderlying rescale andwindow blend [register] within slices selectsuperimposed pseudo-color resample [between slices]

  27. Color - Conclusion • Color consistency using industry standard • Transformation/annotation for color images • Exchange of pseudo-color information • Support for specifying sets of images to be blended, and how to blend (but not register or resample) them

  28. Overview • Review of Grayscale Presentation State • Color Presentation States • Color Consistency • Presentation States applied to Color Images • Color Blending - CT-PET fusion • Hanging Protocols

  29. Hanging Protocols • “Default display protocols” • A set of instructions • How to layout a class of images for display • Order, orientation, windowing, processing • Not specific to a particular patient’s images • Hence a protocol, not a presentation state

  30. Hanging Protocols

  31. L L L L Old Lateral New Frontal New Townes New Lateral F F F F New Study Old Study Hanging Protocols

  32. Hanging Protocol Goals • Encode • Applicability of protocol (type of display & images) • Selection of images • Display of selected images • Store centrally, retrieve and exchange • Persistent composite objects • Query, retrieval and media encoding • Vendor neutrality • Interchange between sites, PACS and workstations • Survive upgrades and replacements • “Public” library of “good” hanging protocols ?

  33. New Information Model • Required for storage and query/retrieval • No Patient/Study/Series hierarchy • New Storage Service Class • New Query Model • Still C-STORE, C-FIND, C-MOVE

  34. Using a Hanging Protocol • Given a current exam (e.g. reading worklist) • Find potentially applicable protocols • Retrieve them from archive • Select one from those available • Select image +/- other studies to which it applies • Display selected images as instructed

  35. Finding a Protocol • Definition Module • Name, description, level, creator, creation datetime • Modality, anatomy, laterality • Procedure, reason for procedure • Number of priors • Environment Module • Number of screens • Size(s) of screens • Color or grayscale bit depth

  36. Selecting Images • Definition of “image sets” • By attribute values • Specific attributes, e.g. Modality, Anatomy • Specific values, e.g, CT, Chest • Supports all VRs, coded sequences, private elements and multi-frame functional groups • By time • Relative time (today, yesterday, within last week) • Abstract priors (last, oldest, pre-operative, etc.)

  37. Successful Selection • All hanging protocols depend on consistent and reliable (and standard) information being present in the images • DICOM Hanging Protocols don’t solve this integration problem • Ideally - modality inserts correct anatomy and procedure and reason and orientation codes, and uses standard technique descriptions • Worst case (typically?) - modality protocol (or operator) inserts recognizable Series Description

  38. Information for Hanging Anterior L Foot Right Modality: Mammography Anatomic Region: Breast Image Laterality: L View Code: Medio-Lateral Oblique Patient Orientation: A\FR

  39. Priors • Concept of the “current” study required • Protocol chooses priors based on • Relative time • Abstract temporal ranges (previous, last, etc.) • Abstract coded descriptions (“pre-operative”) • Does NOT specify how to find them or get them • May have been pushed, may need a query • May be hard to find by abstract descriptions • Creative use of queries or out-of-band information

  40. Mapping to Image Boxes • Image Sets are mapped to Image Boxes • Image Box types • Tiled (e.g. 3x4) • Stack (single image paged manually) • Cine (time-based play back) • Processed (e.g. MPR, 3D) • Single (e.g. a place for a report or waveform) • Specify • Scrolling mode • Playback rate

  41. Mapping to Image Boxes • Filtering • By attribute, or abstract, e.g. “category” of “image plane” “axial” • Sorting • By attribute, or abstract, e.g. “along axis” “increasing” • Orientation • E.g. rotate/flip until row left column posterior (L\P) • Annotation • Patient demographics, technique and graphics on or off

  42. Processing & Presentation • Reformatting, e.g., MPR, 3D, slab • Thickness, interval • View direction, e.g., axial, sagittal, coronal • Type, e.g., MIP, surface, volume • VOI Type (windowing), e.g., brain, bone • Pseudo-color type, e.g., hot iron • Invert grayscale • True size • Synchronized scrolling (by Display Set number) • Navigation and localization

  43. Display of Image Boxes • Entire display environment from 0,0 to 1,1 • Individual screens are not distinguished

  44. Display of Image Boxes • Image Sets displayed in Image Boxes • Image Boxes rendered at relative location

  45. Hanging Protocols - Conclusion • Interchangeable • Vendor neutral • Multi-modality • Support selection of priors • Full richness of current display modes • Flexible • Extensible • Non-trivial to implement and retrofit • Dependent on reliable image attributes

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