Forestry and Forests Climate Change Challenge THINK GLOBALY ACT LOCALY

1. BITOU Forestry and Forests Climate Change Challenge THINK GLOBALY ACT LOCALY

2. BITOU Adapt to Climate Change: Bring Back Indigenous Forest to Africa Community Indigenous Forestry Units (CIFU’s) By: Albert Arthur Ackhurst

3. BITOU Climate Change Strategy • Indigenous Forestry Conservation Economy • Growing natural forests not monoculture • Global Carbon Trading Markets – 60Bn $ 2007 • Capacitating up to 28 new companies: • SMME’s • BBB-EE • Half a tree’s dry biomass = Carbon (C) • World markets are paying $’s per ton CO2e • Growing forests (trees) mitigates climate change By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

4. Climate Change Challenges for Forestry Increased Fires!! Increased Flooding!! Increased pathogens!! By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

5. Forests cover about one third of the total land mass Forests contain about 70% of all carbon present in living things Boreal / Taiga Temperate Deciduous Forests are critical in that they take up CO2 from the atmosphere and store it as biomass Tropical Afro-temperate Evergreen By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

6. Afro-temperate Evergreen Africa’s forests Suffered devastation at the hand of colonialism and industrialization Only a fraction left of Africa’s Southern lung We are losing forest at a rate of 2 soccer fields per second By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

7. Northern / Southern hemisphere distribution Boreal / Taiga Temperate Deciduous Tropical Afro-temperate Evergreen By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

8. So where is the potential? Boreal Browning Ice age Inundation Tropics are good But they are pretty much intact Boreal / Taiga Temperate Deciduous Tropical Revive Africa’s Lung! 3 Million sq km of opportunity Afro-temperate Evergreen By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

9. Indigenous forestry Potential Through UNFCCC – Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Small scale mechanisms for Aforestation / Reforestation Sinking carbon at 30 to 40 tonnes of CO2e per Hectare / yr Selling Carbon credits at $6 ↑ per tonne CO2e ($15 soon) 20 to 30 year cycles Sparking Local Economic Development in Bitou Improving ecosystem services Rationale for this Initiative

10. Rationale to restore Social and Environmental equity Loss Of Natural Forest! Southern African Afro-temperate Forest Fynbos, Exotics & Timber plantations Colonialism Early humans Driven by fire & wind exacerbated by anthropogenic impacts (e.g. crops, burning for grazing,) Anthropogenic impacts up to and eventually Enabling industrialisation By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

11. Rationale to restore Social and Environmental equity Community forestry • Socio-economic redress • Jobs in indigenous forestry • Biodiversity conservation • Ecosystem services • Re-import Carbon stocks • Improved water mngmt. Southern African Afro-temperate Forest Early humans Fynbos (Medt. Scrub), Aliens & Timber manifested Colonialism Loss Of Natural Forest! By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

12. Problems we need to overcome • Low confidence due to fire risk and premature harvesting • Need to clear aliens to plant indigenous forests • (To avoid potential future water crisis?) • But DNA definition include aliens as forest • Therefore need to change in SA’s definition for legibility of A/R • Need zero baseline scenario for alien removal and forest planting • DWAF, DEAT and DME to remedy the restrictions

13. Local Problem • Fynbos and Aliens burn • every 5 to 12 years • Setting clock back to zero • Increasing: • Habitat loss • Substrate compaction • Rampant fires • Flooding • Loss of water • Wholesale carbon export • POVERTY Our Response… By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

14. Southern Cape Landscape wide scale… Of the more than 208 000 ha’s of original indigenous forest less than 74 000 hectares remain >133 000 ha’s of land potential for Community Indigenous Forestry!! By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

15. BAARTMAN-BIKO ENVIRONMENTAL AND FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE What we have done Developed Afro-centric Indigenous Forestry Database, Field verification and sustainable LED business models • Concept • Research • Pilot • Scale-up • Replicate & Roll-out By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

16. Developed Seedbank (accelerate propagation of trees) By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

17. Indigenous Forestry Skills and Nursery

18. Established Local Community Project Planting Indigenous Forest & Creating Jobs Indigenous Forestry 0.8 to 8 Ha Pilot project Private (Self Funded) • Researched the Carbon market – UNFCCC-Kyoto • Researched and implemented rapid Re-Aforestation • Developed economic models & Green-collar jobs • Developed Community participation and discourse • Aligned with local IDP By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

19. From Climate Change Problem to Community Development The Phi Nursery Seed harvest Propagation Bagging & Prep Ready for planting By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

20. Single Community Nursery design on half a Hectare 80% Shadenet Propagation shed Mulch Water 60% Shadenet Off take area System of 10m x 10m square areas (units) By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

21. Propagation unit (10m x 10m) Consisting of double rows of seedling trays (100) 25 x (100 plug trays) Considering 60% yield = 17,500 plugs every 3 to 6 months 75 x (200 plug trays) = 105 000 plugs (3-6 mts)

22. design 10m x 10m unit By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

23. Energy Efficient Workflow Dynamic Manpower Gravity By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

24. Single Community Nursery design on half a Hectare A single Community Nursery on half a hectare can produce 200,000 trees supporting the Indigenous Forestry of 100 hectares each year. 100 Ha’s By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

25. Micro-economics of Community Indigenous Forestry A Community Forestry Nursery is associated with other BBB-EE SMME’s who contracts with and sell to each other in a unique sustainable conservation economy, defined as a Community Indigenous Forestry Unit (CIFU). By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

26. Community Indigenous Forestry Unit • e.g. 8 nurseries, 8 alien clearing teams, 2 transport teams, etc. • Alien clearing team starts • Sells poles and biomass • Transport • Occurs between all business units • Materials providers prep and source • Sells to nursery builders • Mulchers prep biomass • Sells to nurseries and Forest planting • Builders build Phi nurseries • Sells to Nursery owners • Seed agents source seed/lings • Sells to nurseries, buys from collectors • Nursery owners grow seedlings • Sells to Forest initiation (planters) • Re-aforest. teams plants up ha’s • Sells to Project owner/trader? • M & F cares for and raises trees • Sells service to Project owner? • Project owner (community) sells biomass/carbon New jobs = 40 to 500 (in 5 years) 28 New BBB-EE Bitou SMME’s (Program of works 800 to 10 000 ha’s) New Forest = 800 to 10 000 Ha’s

27. Individual businesses within a CIFU requires a full range of administrative and business support services to succeed Startup entrepreneurs require mentoring support in establishing new businesses. A full service business incubator from startup through profitability is provided at a capped flat rate of up to 30% overhead which is included in the business models and is covered by the project cost By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

28. Full Service Business Incubator Mulch Builders Project Transport Nurseries Private Aliens Materials seeds Forests New-biz Marketing & Sales Operations Fire Carbon coordination Books Trading Bio-offs HR Logistics communication Business services Audit CDM Legal Training Business dev. Fund Space & Place Negotiating Fin Subs Partners DTI grants Land-use By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

29. CIFU CASHFLOW REINVESTMENT MODEL Source seeds Sustainable harvesting Provide seedbank Provide Transport and delivery Service Prepare land Plant saplings Support growth Fire protection Manage aliens Maintain new forest Collect biomass Process materials Provide mulch & compost Clearing aliens preparing land providing biomass Build nurseries Construct sheds Rig fencing Cutting & selling poles Making planks Sourcing materials Propagate seedlings provide saplings Cost of 1 CIFU By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

30. Land where CIFU PPP’s may be located Community agreements are NOW needed with: Local Authorities Land Affairs DWAF SANParks DEADP Private Landowners Developers By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007 Up to 100 000 ha’s in Bitou Municipality possible!

31. Over The Next 10 Years in Bitou Mulching Materials Seeds Seeds Materials Alien clearing Fire & Maintenance (F&M) Mulching Jobs 500 160 159 063 094 015 146 042 021 150 125 153 157 155 001 10,000 ha’s/pa 800 ha’s/pa By Albert Ackhurst Apr 2007

32. R4,700-00 to R6,000-00 per Ha Land Use Value P/a R+ per Ha Excluding timber, NTP and eco-services value Risk of market uncertainty over long Term, return only after long rotations ROI Return on Inv. Annual returns based on increment and current pricing in growing market Cannot trade carbon on timber stands within 30 years of land-use change, soil Carbon reduces over time CARBON Trees & Soil $7/t CO2e New Worldwide Carbon markets High volume of indigenous biomass, Soil carbon increases over time (tradable) Low potential for sustainable Alternative products NTP Non Timber Products High potential for sustainable use (medicines, ecotourism, fruits, seeds, and saplings for indigenous projects) Restricted within high overheads And regulated industry standards LED New opportunities for various SMME’s in stratified career paths Reduced soil nutrient & catchment Increased risk of erosion Ecological Services Improved soil, mulch and litter layer Improved catchment, reduced erosion Very high fire risk over 20 yrs Increases exponentially with climate change Fire Very low fire risk over 20 yrs Reduced water retention Water Improved water retention 1 Ha Timber Forestry 1 Ha Indigenous forest

33. Barriers to entry into the World Carbon Market • Current pricing low for A/R between $4 - $6 / tCO2e • Low confidence due to fire risk and premature harvesting • Need to clear aliens to plant indigenous forests • But DNA definition include aliens as forest • Therefore change in SA’s definition for legibility of A/R • Need zero baseline scenario for alien removal and forest planting • A concerted effort by DWAF, DEAT and DME to remedy the restrictions • We believe DWAF can lead this initiative for a better future • Currently Only Voluntary mechanisms through tCERS and lCers • It is foreseen that this mechanism will exponentially increase as a worldwide effort to benefit poor local communities and ecosystem services along with avoided deforestation (REDD).