Oklahoma Bombing Memorial Speech

1. Oklahoma Bombing Memorial Speech Julie Houck, Gabbie Knowlton, Matt Don, Max Levinberg, Nahal

3. Setting and Background • Delivered April 23, 1995 in Oklahoma City, OK in response to the April 19th bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City

4. Setting and Background • The building was a United States Federal Government complex and contained regional offices for the Social Security Administration, FBI, DEA, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. It housed approximately 550 employees.

5. Setting and Background • 168 were killed, over 800 were injured. • Before 9/11, it was the biggest terrorist attack on American soil

7. Thesis and Goal of the Speech • The goal of this speech to was relate to the people who have suffered because of this attack and to boast the morals of the citizens of Oklahoma as well as the United States. President Clinton wanted to be there for the people of this devastating attack and let the people know that they will stand together against terrorists. He wanted to comfort the people and uplift their spirits.

8. Thesis and Goal of the Speech • Thesis: “We pledge to do all we can to help you heal the injured, to rebuild this city, and to bring to justice those who did this evil.”

10. Main Points • The emotions of the people were obviously a main point. The speech was meant to focus on the mourning and to comfort those who are suffering.

11. Main Points • To uplift the spirits of those who are suffering. • To pay respect to the lives lost. • The sacrifice and pain that this devastating terrorist attack caused was also a main point.

12. Main Points • The “tree” that he and Hilary planted was a main point. It stood for the memory of lives lost and the struggle to make things right. “A tree takes a long time to grow, and wounds take a long time to heal. But we must begin.”

14. Logos, Pathos or Ethos? • Bill Clinton mainly uses pathos in his speech, appealing to the audiences emotions. He tries to relate to the people by saying “we” and talking about how they will stand together. He is speaking of a mournful and devastating time and letting the people know his grief.

15. Logos, Pathos or Ethos? • Bill Clinton also uses ethos in his speech, pertaining to his credibility. He was the President of the United States and advocates that in his speech. The comfort and suppression of fear will mean more if it is coming from a prominent figure like the President.

17. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 1, parallelism - giving thanks to the many of people who are there • Paragraph 2, anaphora/polysyndeton - “as…” • Paragraph 3, anaphora - “We…” • Paragraph 3, antimetabole - “hope against hope

18. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 4, anaphora - “who worked” • Paragraph 4, hortative sentence - “Let us say clearly, they served us well, and we are grateful.” • Paragraph 5, anaphora, - “You…” • Paragraph 5, polysyndeton - “You saw them at church or the PTA meetings, at the civic clubs, at the ball park”

19. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 6, allusion - “…was murdered with over 200 other Americans when Pan Am 103 was shot down.” This is an allusion to December 21, 1988 when Pan Am Flight 103 was bombed over Lockerbie, Scotland killing all 259 people on board as well as 11 on the ground.

20. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 7, anaphora - “The … you feel…” • Paragraph 7, hortative sentence - “Instead, you must try to pay tribute to your loved ones by continuing to do all the things they left undone, thus ensuring they did not die in vain.”

21. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 9, antithesis/inimitable/polypoton - “You have lost too much, but you have not lost everything” • Paragraph 11, hortative sentence - “to all my fellow Americans beyond this hall, I say, one thing we owe those who have sacrificed is the duty to purge ourselves of the dark forces which gave rise to this evil.”

22. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 11, allusion - ¹Proverbs 11:29 -- "He who troubles his own house will inherit the wind, and the fool will be servant to the wise of heart." (NKJV) • Paragraph 12, hortative sentence - “Let us…” • Paragraph 12, allusion - Romans 12:21 -- "Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good." (NIV) [also a antithesis or antimetabole]

23. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 13, allusion - allusion to the psalms 1:3 -- "Blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked or stand in the way of sinners or sit in the seat of mockers. But his delight is in the law of the Lord, and on his law he meditates day and night. He is like a tree planted by streams of water, which yields its fruit in season and whose leaf does not wither. Whatever he does prospers." (NIV)

24. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 14, metaphor - "My fellow Americans, a tree takes a long time to grow, and wounds take a long time to heal."

25. Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People Given by George Bush

27. Setting and Background • Delivered September 20, 2001 in Washington, D.C. in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the twin towers in New York City

28. Setting and Background • 19 terrorists associated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jet airlines. Two planes crashed into the World Trade Center in NYC, one into each tower; another plane crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia; and another plane crashed into a field near the town of Shanksville in Pennsylvania.

29. Setting and Background • Aside from the hijackers, 2,974 people died as an immediate result with another 24 missing and presumed dead. The number of victims totaled 2,998.

31. Thesis and Goal • The goal of this speech was to comfort and suppress the fear of Americans due to this attack. President Bush wanted to be there for the people of this devastating attack and let citizens know that they will stand together against terrorists.

32. Thesis and Goal • Thesis:“Tonight we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom….Whether we bring our enemies to justice, or bring justice to our enemies, justice will be done.”

33. Main Points • One of the main points was to inform American citizens a little more information on the attacks, such as who did it, what organization they were from, where they were from, the leader, etc.

34. Main Points • Another main point was to outline to the people what America was planning to do with the war, what they are aiming for with the war (“stop it, eliminate it, and destroy it where it grows” by almost any means). • To induce fear into the minds of Afghans and other terrorists around the world

35. Main Points • To appeal to the peoples emotions. - comfort the people, uplift their spirits, get them pumped for war! Give the people courage and excitement.

37. Logos, Pathos or Ethos? • George W. Bush uses ethos in his speech, pertaining to his credibility. He is the President of the United States and advocates that in his speech. The comfort and suppression of fear will mean more if it is coming from a prominent figure like the President.

38. Logos, Pathos or Ethos? • Mr. President Bush also uses pathos in his speech, appealing to the audiences’ emotions. This attack was the biggest terrorist attack on American soil and a very scary and upsetting time. He tries to comfort the people and suppress the fear, anger, grief, etc. that all citizens are facing and trying to deal with.

39. Logos, Pathos or Ethos? • This speech also uses logos in it, pertaining to the logical reasoning. He gives reasons for why this is going on, why the American government is acting the way it is, and what actions are being taken.

41. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 2 and 3, anaphora - “We have seen…” • Paragraph 5, antimetabole or antithesis - “…we bring out enemies to justice, or bring justice to our enemies…” • Paragraph 6, 7, 8, anaphora - “I thank…”

42. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 9 and 10, anaphora - “We will not forget…” • Paragraph 11, allusion - “…they have been wars on foreign soil except for one Sunday in 1941” allusion to Peal Harbor. • Paragraph 12, rhetorical question - “who attacked our country?” • Paragraph 13, simile - “Al Qaeda is to terror what the mafia is to crime.”

43. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 14, parallelism - “the terrorists’ directive commands them to kill Christians and Jews, to kill all Americans, and make no distinction among military and civilians, including women and children.” • Paragraph 15, anaphora - “They are…”

44. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 18, anastrophe - “The United States respects the people of Afghanistan - after all, we are currently its largest source of humanitarian aid - but we condemn the Taliban regime.” • Paragraph 19, parallelism • Paragraph 19 and 20, hortative sentences

45. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 23, rhetorical question - “Why do they hate us?” • Paragraph 23, asyndeton - “our freedom of…, our freedom of…” • Paragraph 24, anaphora - “They want…” • Paragraph 25, antimetabole /antithesis- “They stand against us, because we stand in their way.”

46. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 27, rhetorical question - “How will we fight and win this war?” • Paragraph 27, hortative sentences - “We will…” • Paragraph 31, asyndeton - “a…, a…, a…..” • Paragraph 32, parallelism

47. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 34, introducing a sentence with a coordinating conjunction, also anaphora. • Paragraph 37, rhetorical question - “What is expected of us?” • Paragraph 38, 39, 41, 42; anaphora/hortative sentences - “I ask…”

48. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 45, 46, 47; anaphora/hortative sentences - “We will come together to…” • Paragraph 49, polysyndeton - “After all that has just passed - all the lives taken, all the possibilities and hopes that died with them - it is natural to wonder if America’s future is one of fear”.

49. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 49, antimetabole /antithesis - “but this country will define our times, not be defined by them.” • Paragraph 51, polysyndeton - “- the great achievement of our time, and the great hope of every time -

50. Rhetorical Devices • Paragraph 51, asyndeton - “We will rally the world to this cause by our efforts, by our courage. We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail.” • Paragraph 54, anaphora - “I will not…” • Paragraph 55, antithesis - “The course of this conflict is not known, yet the outcome is certain.”