Semester 2 Mid Term Review

1. Semester 2 Mid Term Review Think happy thoughts….

2. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Born Nov. 10 1483 into a peasant family • The son of a farmer turned miner and a hard working mother • Was raised with stern discipline as well as a chatechismal education • At 14 he supported himself by singing in the streets • He gained the notice/patronage of Frau Ursula Cota “on account of his hearty singing and praying”

3. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • At 18 he enrolled in the University of Erfurt, then one of the top universities in Germany • 1502 Bachelor of Arts, 1505 a Master of Arts (Ph.D equivalent) • Luther then prepared himself as his father wished to go to Law School • 1505 His friend Alexius died (lightning or duel) • July 1505 Caught in a thunderstorm and cried out to St. Ann, promising monkdom in exchange for rescue

4. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • July 17, Luther joins an Augustinian Convent at Erfurt • He became obsessed with the assurance of his salvation and constantly aware of his sin • Held strictly to catholic doctrine, including excessive worship of the Virgin Mary • Confessed at least once a week to the eventual annoyance of his confessor • His mentor Staupitz pointed him towards the cross and grace

5. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Luther continually pondered the meaning of Romans 1:17 • Was ordained in 1507 and gave his first mass, almost fainting at the altar • 1510 Luther made a pilgrimage to Rome • Arrived hailing “Thrice Holy Rome” • He ran to visit all the shrines, and sought the promised forgiveness in the climbing of the Scala Santa on his knees

6. Luther in Rome 1510 • He became severely disillusioned with Rome due to all its excesses • Speedy masses, irreverent consecration, mockery of honest Christians • “if there was a hell, Rome was built on it” • “Rome, once the holiest city is now the worst” • Afterwards(1511) Luther moved the the Augustinian convent of Wittenberg and became a professor

7. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • The building of St. Peter’s Dome was begun in 1506 by Pope Julian II using indulgences as a means to pay for the expenses (it was finally completed in 1626) • Indulgences were technically the removal of the temporal consequences of sin, but not a route to salvation • Johann Tetzel was the salesman for Indulgences in the Wittenberg area

8. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • The continual sale of indulgences drove Luther to write the 95 Theses • Oct. 31 1517 Luther posts the Theses on the door of the Wittenberg chapel • The 95 Theses were posted as a challenge to debate not as a breech with the Church

9. The 95 Theses • Luther’s protest against the abuse of indulgences • 3 Main points • Indulgences are ineffective • The Pope is good • Justification by faith in Christ

10. Leipzig Disputation 1519 • Initial papal reaction was to ignore the Theses • Many disputes and callings of heretic later comes the Leipzig Disputation • Luther vs. Dr. Eck (Johann Mair) • In the Leipzig Disputation Luther realized he didn’t hold with the authority of the Church or Pope • Both claimed victory • Luther gives up on reform and starts the Reformation

11. Luther Attacks 1520 • Luther begins his break with the church by appealing to the German Princes for protection • He follows up by writing many vicious anti-papal/Roman Catholic works • Babylonian Captivity of the church being one of the chief of his polemics addressing • Universality of the cup • Proper communion • Baptism • Number of sacraments (Baptism and Bread only)

12. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Luther is Shortly thereafter given a bull of Excommunication • He responds by writing “Against the Bull of Antichrist” and calling the pope a heretic then burns the Bull • Luther is now hunted by the papacy as a heretic and flees to various princes for protection

13. Diet of Worms 1521 • Emperor Charles V calls the Diet of Worms to try and settle the issue of Luther • Jerome Aleander represented the papacy • Luther arrives with great pomp and celebration • He is asked to acknowledge his works and recant them • He asks quietly for a day to consider

14. Diet of Worms 1521 • He returns the next day and strongly affirms all of his writings • He then proceeds to call both pope and councils fallible forever confirming his status as a heretic • The papists claim victory over Martin but the promised safe conduct of Charles V is surprisingly kept and arch-heretic Martin lived to see another day

15. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Luther got married to Catharina von Boren • He loved his Katie much • He did lots of other reformation stuff like translating the bible • He died in Eisleben in Prussian Saxony Feb. 18, 1546 • He liked talking about farts

16. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard and a physicians daughter Margaret • After his mother died his guardians stole his inheritance and forced him into a monastery • 1486-1491 was a monk and became thoroughly disgusted with the institution • Obtained a bishops patronage, gained license to become a priest, and fled the monastery • Studied at the universities of Paris and Orleans • He had a pointy head

17. pointy head hiding under hat

18. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • He survived mainly by patronage living off of the many “gifts” given to him for his clever writing • Studied classics incessantly and was a deep thinker, called the father of Christian Humanism • Wrote prolifically, including many works which criticized monks, priests, and the papacy • He was continually in and out of favor with the papacy

19. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • He loved peace, but also morality and wanted true reform within the church • Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any other language including his native Dutch • Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never stopped criticizing the immoral things he did • Took no sides in the Protestant/Catholic debate resulting in him being to Protestant to be Catholic and too Catholic to be Protestant

20. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • Luther, Zwingli and most other reformers looked to Erasmus for teaching though he conflicted with Luther often • Luther was said to have “hatched the egg Erasmus laid” • Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting the other was right • He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest repeating “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord, deliver me; Lord make an end’ Lord, have mercy upon me!”

21. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • Was born 7 weeks after Luther, Jan 1, 1484 • His father was a town magistrate his mother the sister of a priest making him middle class • Grew up in a small town raised with Catholic doctrine by his family • Started college at 14 and finished with a master of arts in 1506 • Bought the pastorship of Glarus where he taught until 1516 • Was a humanist and a patriot, but not particularly religious

22. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • Protested strongly against Swiss mercenaries • Was unchaste in the fashion of the day • 1516 due to political pressure he transferred to Einsiedeln where he studied scripture and the early church fathers • 1517 Started preaching against the abuses in the church, including a rejection of indulgences • He received a papal pension until 1520 • 1519 became chief pastor in the Zurich Grossmünster, the primary Swiss church

23. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • In Zurich he preached expositorially through the New Testament and gained great fame • He began preaching even more strongly against the sins that stemmed from the Catholic church • Zurich was struck by plague and Zwingli helped until he became infected as well • Lent 1522 Zwingli preached and wrote a tract rejecting the Lenten dietary laws • Gathered a petition from 10 priests endorsing clerical marriage, but was rejected

24. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • The petition was rejected, but Zwingli entered into a secret marriage anyway • 1523 Published the 67 articles which inspired debate throughout Switzerland • 1524 Zurich and a few other cantons accept the evangelical position and become protestant • Two years after their secret marriage Anna Reinhart and Zwingli get married • The Protestants start mass icon destruction • Zwingli instituted the symbolic communion

25. Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 • 1529 The protestants and Catholics started meeting in open war in Cappel • Against the advice of Zwingli several of the protestant cantons sought peaceful negotiations • They negotiated peace but didn’t gain all of the hoped for concessions • 1531 The second battle of Cappel occurred as was inevitable • Zwingli led his troops and was injured while tending the wounded, later he was slain, his body burned, ashes mixed with a swine’s and scattered

26. John Calvin 1509-1564 • Born July 10, 1509 in Noyon la Sainte • Calvin grew up well educated in a noble family • At 12 he received the tonsure and the revenue of a chaplaincy in the cathedral of Noyon • At 18 he received the charge of S. Martin • At 14 he entered college studying first in Paris then in Orleans and Bourges • A good student, religious and not prone to excesses, was nicknamed “The Accusative”

27. John Calvin 1509-1564 • Calvin studied the humanities law, philosophy, and theology • He was an exceptional student who was teaching as often as taking classes • 1532-33 Calvin converted to Protestantism • Shortly after his conversion he became a leading figure in the French evangelical party • Paris started a mass persecution of Protestants leading Calvin to flee to Basel where he wrote the first edition of The Institutes

28. John Calvin 1509-1564 • 1536 Calvin continued his travels through Switzerland and went to Geneva where he planned to spend the night • William Farel convinced him to stay and become pastor in Geneva • Calvin was well received and started preaching and reforming Geneva into a moral city • He endorsed the enforcement of moral laws enforced by magistrates throughout Geneva causing great discontent

29. John Calvin 1509-1564 • All citizens were forced to take an oath of confession or be banished • The moral laws and forced confession caused the reformers to be expelled from Geneva • Calvin moved to Strassburg where he lived poorly but happily • He taught both in churches and universities learning much of/from the Lutherans • Started the “little French church” for the many French refugees

30. John Calvin 1509-1564 • 1540 in Strassburg Calvin married Idelette de Bure a member of his congregation. • In the meantime Geneva suffered from a lack of preaching and leadership and ultimately decided to call back the reformers • Strassburg and Geneva fought over Calvin, and Calvin ultimately and somewhat unwillingly returned to Geneva • Geneva as a result was dramatically reformed, especially in the enforcement of moral law

31. John Calvin 1509-1564 • Geneva epitomized the union of church and state led by Calvin’s moral dictates • Immoral behavior included dancing, gambling, drunkenness, frequenting taverns, profanity, luxury, excesses of entertainment, extravagant or immodest dress, singing licentious or irreligious songs and were all punishable by censure, fine, or imprisonment • The death penalty was allowed for heresy, idolatry, blasphemy, and repeated adultery

32. John Calvin 1509-1564 • Miguel Servetus fleeing execution for heresy in France stopped temporarily in Geneva • Calvin had him arrested, he was then tried, found a heretic, and burned at the stake • The Servetus incident was a particularly black mark on Geneva and Calvin, belying much of the Protestant preached freedom • 1563 Calvin became sick, then bed ridden eventually dying peacefully at home in May of 1564

33. Calvin’s Theology • Predestination • Double predestination, God appoints the elect to heaven and the damned to hell • “O man who art thou that repliest against God?” • Infant Baptism • An evidence of membership in the church and an inspiration to a later on moral life • Infant Salvation • Only if the parents were believers

34. Anabaptists • A history of radicalism • Zwickau Prophets in Wittenberg (1521-1525) • Had visions, dreams, and talked to God and Gabriel • Rejected the written word, regular ministry, and infant baptism • Preached the overthrow of all in the Millennium • Inspired the Peasants war

35. Anabaptists • Münster Rebellion (1532-1536) • Anabaptist stronghold revolted • Became “New Jerusalem” 1534 • The leader died leading a charge of 30 men while declaring he was Gideon • Came under the leadership of “King David” aka Jan Beukelszoon who instituted polygamy • January 1536 the town was lost and the rebels tortured, publicly executed and then displayed

36. Anabaptists • Pacifist Anabaptism • Menno Simmons an ex-Roman Catholic priest • Joined other Anabaptists under a pacifist teacher • After Münster he allowed many to join the pacifist sect having greatest influence in the Netherlands • He guided and solidified Dutch Anabaptism resulting in them being renamed Mennonites

37. Anabaptists • Swiss or mainstream Anabaptism • Led by Grebel, Manz, Blaurock, and Hübmaier • Three main doctrinal points • Believers Baptism • Separation of Church and State • Separation from the world/ungodliness • No specific mode of baptism • Believed in symbolic baptism/communion • Wrote many hymns

38. Anabaptists • Persecution of Anabaptists in Switzerland • Debated Zwingli without result Re: infant baptism • Zwingli ordered all infants baptized or they and families would be exiled • Anabaptist responded with a procession through town declaring “Woe, woe unto Zurich!” • 6 Anabaptists were executed leading to a nation wide persecution • Swiss persecution emphasized exile and drowning upon return rather than instant execution, they still martyred quite a few Anabaptists

39. Anabaptists • German/Austrian Persecution • Much more severe, taking Luther’s violent words and putting them to action • Even worse in Catholic controlled areas with thousands of martyred rather than hundreds • Behead those who recant, burn those who refuse

40. Henry VIII • Henry VIII was second in line to become king behind his brother Arthur who married Catharine of Aragon • His brother died and Henry became Prince of Wales (crown prince) at 11 years old • After his fathers death in order to maintain ties with Spain he married Catharine in 1509 • He received a special dispensation from pope Julius II allowing him to marry his brothers wife

41. Henry VIII • After 7 pregnancies and only one daughter to show for it, Henry became dissatisfied with Catharine as he wanted a male heir • He pursued the sister of his mistress named Anne Boleyn who wouldn’t have him without first being married • He sought a divorce with the “Spanish Cow” • The pope didn’t want to grant the divorce due to various political problems

42. Henry VIII • Henry in response declared the popes authority non-effective in England • This was not a break with the church and Henry was a good Catholic, he just wanted his desires more than he wanted the church • Without need for papal consent he was easily divorced and secretly married in 1533 later that year the marriage was made public • 1534 parliament passed the act of Supremacy

43. Henry VIII • Thomas More pleaded illness and retired as Chancellor after the Act of Supremacy was passed • He refused to acknowledge Henry as Supreme head of the church. • 3 years later he was hanged. • Henry passed the Six Articles asserting: transubstantiation, cup communion, celibacy of priests, endurance of vows of chastity, utility of private masses, and auricular confession

44. Henry VIII • The enforcement of the Six Articles and other acts resulted in the death of many protestants and Catholics • Henry continued to persecute monasteries and dissolved more than 400 confiscating their property • Henry was married 6 times, none seemed particularly happy • He died not particularly lamented in 1547 leaving Edward VI to become king

45. (Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558 • Mary I was the daughter of Henry and Catharine of Aragon and held her mothers sympathies with the Roman Catholic faith • One of her first acts as queen was to behead the ex-regent who resisted her accession • She married her Spanish Cousin Philip which was not well received by the English people. • She enforced Catholicism across England giving a triple test to heretics • Heretics were allowed to flee England, but if caught were tested and executed

46. (Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558 • 1553-1558 was her reign and ~300 were executed as heretics during this time, burning was her preferred method • Famous among the executed were Bishops Latimer and Ridley, and Archbishop Cranmer • Mary died more than likely of Ovarian cancer, which also explains why she never gave birth to an heir • She was succeeded by her younger half sister Elizabeth I

47. Elizabeth I 1558-1603 • Elizabeth was Protestant and restored much of the Protestant customs, • She was a clever and wise ruler so restored Protestantism slowly and with popular opinion • Rejected the Popes authority over England and replaced it with her own • Modified the 42 articles into the 39 Articles still used today • Was religiously tolerant and wanted religious peace above freedom • A wise ruler the “virgin queen” died the oldest English monarch (70 years old)

48. John Knox • Was born between 1505-1515 in Scotland • Grew up with a standard Catholic education, though was considered liberal • Studied at the University of Glasgow or St. Andrews • Was familiar with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew but was not an exceptional scholar • Worked as a priest and tutor until 1545 when he broke with the Catholic church

49. John Knox • 1544 Protestant preacher George Wishart came to Scotland and befriended Knox • Knox followed Wishart learning from him and acting as his bodyguard • 1546 Wishart was martyred by Cardinal Beaton • Knox preached his first sermon viciously defying Catholicism • Returned to St. Andrews and taught until 1547 when it was conquered by the French Catholics

50. John Knox • Knox was captured by the French and forced to row in the slave galleys for 18 months • He refused to return to Catholicism • 1549-1559 Knox traveled between England and Europe spending much time in Geneva learning from Calvin • 1559 Knox returned to Scotland and led the church into Reform