Chapter 4: Verbs

1. Chapter 4:Verbs Action Verbs Linking Verbs Helping Verbs

2. What is a Verb? • A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition, or a state of being. • There are two main kinds of verbs: action verbs and linking verbs. Both kinds can be accompanied by helping verbs.

3. ACTION VERBS • An action verb tells what the subject does. It can express mental or physical action. Examples: The storm tore through the town. (physical action) A huge black horse gallopedacross the pasture. (physical action) We daydreamedall through English class. (mental action) Yesterday my mother thoughtabout our vacation plans. (mental action)

4. LINKING VERBS • A linking verb links its subject to a word in the predicate. • The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been • Other common linking verbs: appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

5. Linking verbs, continued • Examples: My best friend is Susan. We were late for English class again! Miss Setreeseems excited today. The mood of the crowd turned ugly very quickly.

6. Linking verbs, continued • Some verbs can be either action or linking, depending upon how the verb is used in the sentence. King Kong looked at Ann Darrow. (action) King Kong looked frightened. (linking) I tasted my mom’s brownies. (action) The lemon pie tasted very sour. (linking) The flowers smell great! (linking) I smelled the skunk’s “perfume.” (action)

7. HELPING VERBS • Helping verbs help main verbs express action or precise shades of meaning. • The combination of one or more helping verbs with a main verb is called a verb phrase. • Examples: Tessa and Alicia have been practicing their routine all week. I will study for the health test. Johnny and Cooper should have known better than that! Emilee has written five notes to her friends today!

8. Helping Verb Lists: • Forms of be:am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been • Forms of do:do, does, did • Forms of have:have, has, had • Other common helping verbs: may, might, must can, could shall, should will, would

9. Action Verbs with Direct Objects and Indirect Objects • Sentence Patterns: S – AV S – AV – DO (The direct object names the receiver of the action.) S – AV – IO – DO (The indirect object tells to whom/what or for whom/what the action is done.)

10. Examples: Julialoves her new kitten. ElizabethgaveTommy a note for his sister. Joshloanedme five dollars. IsawBrycen at the movies last weekend. Devynbought his grandmother a birthday card.

11. Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs • A transitive verb is an action verb that has a direct object. Ex. Wesaw Tommy at the county fair. The girlsplanted flower seeds in the pots. • An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not have a direct object. Ex. Darintripped on the stairs. Ashley raced to the finish line. Alexisspoke quietly. Jill runs really fast!

12. Linking Verbs and Predicate Words • Subject Complement – the word that the linking verb connects to its subject; it identifies or explains the subject • There are two kinds of subject complements: predicate nouns (also known as predicate nominatives) andpredicate adjectives.

13. Predicate Nouns(aka – Predicate Nominative) • A noun or pronoun that follows the linking verb; identifies, renames, or defines the subject. • Subject = Predicate Noun (S=PN) Examples: Juliais a rather quiet girl. The winnerwas she. My teacherhas been the owner of that restaurant for several years.

14. Predicate Adjective • An adjective that follows the linking verb and modifies (describes) the subject Examples: That dogseemsfrightened by the speeding cars. Those girls beside the gym looklost. The flowers in my garden areyellow. My cat is quite lazy during the day.

15. Principal Parts of Regular Verbs

16. Regular Verbs • A regular verb is a verb whose past and past participle are formed by adding –dor –ed to the present. The present participle is formed by adding –ing to the present. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle believe is believing believed (has) believed jump is jumping jumped (have) jumped play are playing played (had) played

17. Irregular Verbs • Irregular verbs are verbs whose past and past participle forms are not made by adding –d or –ed to the present. Group I: the forms of the present, past , and past participle are all the same. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle burst (is) bursting burst (have) burst cost (is) costing cost (have) cost cut (is) cutting cut (have) cut hit (is) hitting hit (have) hit

18. Irregular Verbs • Group 2: the forms of the past and past participle are the same. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle bring (is) bringing brought (has) brought leave (is) leaving left (had) left sleep (is) sleeping slept (have) slept

19. Irregular Verbs • Group 3: the past participle is formed by adding –n or –en to the past. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle bite (is) biting bit (has) bitten freeze (is) freezing froze (has) frozen lie (is) lying lay (has) lain speak (is) speaking spoke (has) spoken

20. Irregular Verbs • Group 4: the past participle is formed from the present, usually by adding -n or –en. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle do (is) doing did (have) done fall (is) falling fell (has) fallen go (is) going went (had) gone write (is) writing wrote (has) written

21. Irregular Verbs • Group 5: A vowel in the verb changes from iin the present to a in the past and to u in the past participle. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle begin (is) beginning began (have) begun drink (is) drinking drank (has) drunk shrink (is) shrinking shrank (had) shrunk swim (is) swimming swam (have) swum

22. Irregular Verbs • Forms of Be: the past and past participle do not follow any pattern Present Present Participle Past Past Participle am, is, are (is) being was, were (has) been

23. SIMPLE TENSES • TENSE – a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition. Changing tenses allows you to be clear about the order in which things happen. • Present tense- shows that an action or condition takes place now • Past tense - shows that an action or condition was completed in the past • Future tense – shows that an action or condition will occur in the future

24. Present tense: We walk to school every morning. Shelby reads many books each month. My mom prepares delicious meals. I am in English class.

25. Past tense I rode my bike to school yesterday. My sister drove me to the movie theater. Jill went to Indiana last week. We took the English quiz and did great on it!

26. Future tense: We will take the science exam next week. I will loan you my book. The boys will help us plant flowers in the park on Saturday. My horse will gallop faster than yours.

27. Progressive Forms of the Verb • A progressive form of a tense expresses an action or condition in progress. The progressive forms of the three simple tenses are used to show that actions or conditions are, were, or will be in progress. To make the progressive form, add the present, past, or future form of “be” to the present participle. • Present progressive – an action that is in progress (I amlearning to drive my son’s motorcycle.) • Past progressive – an action that was on-going (We werefishing at Cloe Lake last night.) • Future progressive – an action that will be in progress (I will be waiting anxiously for the test results.)

28. Verb Conjugation – Present Tense Present Tense Singular Plural I study we study you study you study he, she, it studies they study

29. Verb Conjugation – Past Tense Past Tense Singular Plural I studied we studied you studied you studied he, she, it studied they studied

30. Verb Conjugation – Future Tense Future Tense Singular Plural I will study we will study you will study you will study he, she, it will study they will study

31. Verb Conjugation – Present Progressive Form Singular Plural I am studying we are studying you are studying you are studying he, she, it is studying they are studying

32. Verb Conjugation – Past Progressive Form Singular Plural I was studying we were studying you were studying you were studying he, she, it was studying they were studying

33. Verb Conjugation – Future Progressive Form Singular Plural I will be studying we will be studying you will be studying you will be studying he, she, it will be studying they will be studying

34. Perfect Tenses • The present perfect tense places an action or condition in a stretch of time leading up to the present. (Ben has created a monster as his science fair project.) • The past perfect tenseplaces a past action or condition before another past action or condition. (After Tessa hadwon the race, we congratulated her.) • The future perfect tenseplaces a future action or condition before another future action or condition. (Miss Setreewillhave graded the tests before we go home this afternoon.)

35. Verb Conjugation – Present Perfect Tense Singular Plural I have talked we have talked you have talked you have talked he, she, it has talked they have talked

36. Verb Conjugation – Past Perfect Tense Singular Plural I had talked we had talked you had talked you had talked he, she, it had talked they had talked

37. Verb Conjugation – Future Perfect Tense Singular Plural I will have talked we will have talked you will have talked you will have talked he, she, it will have talked they will have talked

38. Using Verb Tenses Writing About the Present – You can write about the present using the present tense, the present perfect tense, or the present progressive form. • The present tenseplaces the actions in the present. (The students work on their science projects during class.) • The present perfect tenseplaces the actions in the period of time leading up to the present. (The students have worked on their projects all week.) • The present progressive formshows the actions are in progress now. (The students are working on their projects this week.)

39. Writing About the Past – You can use past verb forms to indicate the order in which events occurred. • The past tense shows action that began and was completed in the past. (Kevin made cookies for his friend’s birthday.) • The past perfect tense places the actions before other past actions. (Jonathan had planned a surprise party for his mother before his sister thought of it.) • The past progressive form shows that the actions in the past were in progress. (Scientists were inventing new technologies for years before they began using computers.)

40. Writing About the Future – By using different future verb forms, you can show how future events are related in time. • The future tenseshows that the actions have not yet occurred. (Next month we will go to Kennywood.) • The future perfect tenseplaces an action before other future actions. (Before she graduates, Angellicawill have read more than two thousand books.) • The future progressive formshows that the actions in the future will be continuing. (Our students will be continuing their education at the high school.)

41. Troublesome Verb Pairs • Lie and Lay • Sit and Set • Rise and Raise • Let and Leave • Teach and Learn • May and Can

42. Lie and Lay • Lie means to rest in a flat position. It does not take an object. (The dog lies at his master’s feet.) Its principal parts are lie – (is) lying – lay – (has) lain • Lay means to put or place. It takes an object. (The boy laid the dog’s treats on the floor.) Its principal parts are lay – (is) laying – laid – (has) laid

43. Sit and Set • Sit means to be seated. It does not take an object. (My cat sits on the window sill every day to watch the birds at the feeder.) Its principal parts are sit – (is) sitting – sat – (has) sat • Set means to put or to place. It takes an object. (I set the dishes on the table.) Its principal parts are set – (is) setting – set – (has) set

44. Rise and Raise • Rise means to move upward; to get out of bed. It does not take an object. (The moon rises over the lake every evening.) Its principal parts are rise – (is) rising – rose – (has) risen. • Raise means to lift or to care for or bring up. It takes an object. (My parents raised seven children.) Its principal parts are raise – (is) raising – raised – (has) raised.

45. Let and Leave • Let means to permit or to allow. Its principal parts are let – (is) letting – let – (has) let Dan let me use his book for the math test. Will you let me use your bicycle? • Leave means to go away from. Its principal parts are leave – (is) leaving - left – (has) left We will leave the dance at 9:00. Did you leave your hoodie at home? I left the building at 3:45.

46. Teach and Learn • Teach means to show how or to explain. Its principal parts are teach – (is) teaching – taught – (has) taught. I taught my parakeet how to speak. Will you teach me how to speak Spanish? • Learn means to understand or to gain knowledge. Its principal parts are learn – (is) learning – learned – (has) learned. I learned a new dance this week. Did you learn the new dance routine? You should learn to cook.

47. May and Can • May means to be allowed to or to be likely to. It asks permission or refers to something that is possible. Another form of may is might. May I borrow your bike? We might be allowed to go to the school dance. May we go to the movies tonight? • Can means to be able todo something. Another form of can is could. I can skateboard at the park. Could you bring the potato chips for the party?