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Biology Classification and Cells Study Guide | Comprehensive Semester 1 Exam Prep

Prepare for your semester 1 exam with this detailed study guide covering levels of classification, cell structure, and functions. Understand key concepts such as binomial nomenclature, MRS. GREN, five kingdoms, insect characteristics, microscopy basics, cell organization, eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic cells, and more.

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Biology Classification and Cells Study Guide | Comprehensive Semester 1 Exam Prep

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  1. Semester 1 Exam- Study Guide By: Vicky Zang, Julia Malachowski, Ashley Liu, and Muskaan Uppal

  2. Classification

  3. What are the levels of classification from kingdom to species? Kingdom Phylum Class Family Order Genus Species

  4. What is binomial nomenclature? Two- part scientific name (Genus species)

  5. What does MRS. GREN stand for? Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition

  6. What are the five kingdoms? Animal Plant Fungi Protist Moneran

  7. What are characteristics of organisms within each of the 5 kingdoms? (multicellular or unicellular) Animal- multicellular Plant- multicellular Fungi- multicellular Protist- unicellular Moneran- unicellular

  8. What is a dichotomous key? A key that scientists use to determine the classification of an organism

  9. Name five things that scientists use for classification Behavior and physical appearance Method of reproduction, locomotion, diet and habitat Cell and DNA analysis

  10. Insects

  11. What are the characteristics of insects? Wings Exoskeleton 6 Legs 3 Body Parts Simple/Compound Eyes Metamorphosis Antennae Jointed Legs

  12. What is the most diverse and populous insect order? Beetles

  13. How do insects make sounds? Tymbals Spiracles Stridulation Snap Mandibles Tap Body Parts On Surface

  14. Name the three different mouthparts that insects can have Sponging Piercing/ Sucking Siphoning

  15. Name the three different types of metamorphosis Molting- shedding skin Incomplete- egg, nymph, adult Complete- egg, larva, pupa, adult

  16. Microscopes

  17. Who was Robert Hooke? He observed cork cells; coined the term “cell”

  18. Who was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek? He observed bacteria and protists.

  19. Who was Zacharias Janssen? He looked at the first compound microscope.

  20. How do you get total magnification? Eyepiece x Objective lens

  21. How do you properly hold a microscope? Put one hand on the body tube (arm) and one hand on the base.

  22. What is the stage? This is where the specimen rests

  23. What is the eyepiece? The lens that you look through

  24. What are the objective lenses? They are attached to the revolving nose piece combined with the power of the ocular lens to create the magnified image

  25. Cells

  26. Name the levels of organization from cell- organism Cell Tissue Organs Organ System Organisms

  27. What are the two types of cells (body/ sex cells)? Somatic and gametes

  28. What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus but prokaryotic cells do not

  29. List differences between plant and animal cells Cell wall- plant Chloroplasts- plant Vacuole size- plants have one big one, animal have smaller ones

  30. What is cytoplasm? A jelly-like substance that contains organelles

  31. What is the function of the nucleus? It is the control center for all activities

  32. What is the nucleolus? It contains genetic material, it also makes ribosomes, and is a dark colored organelle in the nucleus

  33. What is the nuclear membrane? A membrane that controls movement of materials in and out of nucleus

  34. What are chromosomes? It is DNA inside the nucleus

  35. What is endoplasmic reticulum? An internal delivery system that aids in making proteins connects cell membrane to nuclear membrane

  36. What are ribosomes? Tiny spherical bodies that help make proteins. They are found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

  37. What are mitochondria? The site of cellular respiration. It breaks down sugar molecules to release energy.

  38. What are vacuoles? Act as a storage area for food, minerals, and waste. In plants they are very large but in animals they are smaller.

  39. What is the cell membrane? It separates the cell from other cells. Allows molecules to pass through.

  40. What is the function of the cell wall? Supports and protects the cell

  41. What is chloroplasts? An organelle in a plant that uses energy from the sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis)

  42. What are lysosomes? Organelles that break down larger food molecules into smaller molecules.

  43. What are centrioles? Organelles that play a role in cell division.

  44. What are golgi bodies? Organelles that package and distribute materials throughout the cell.

  45. What is Diffusion? It is the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

  46. What is Osmosis? Diffusion of water molecules

  47. What is active transport? The movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy

  48. What is photosynthesis? The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food

  49. What is respiration? The process by which cells obtain energy from glucose

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