Using Construction Fasteners and Hardware

1. Using Construction Fasteners and Hardware

2. Fasteners • Fasteners • used to hold the parts of a project together • nails, screws, bolts, and glue • Hardware • metal items used for ornamental as well as functional purposes. • hinges, drawer pulls, knobs, handles, and locks.

3. Selecting and Using Nails

4. Nails • Most commonly used wood fasteners. • Penny: Nail size unit, abbreviated with the lower case letter “d”. • Sold by weight • Choosing the right nail can prevent: • Split wood, • Weak fasten • Expense

5. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

6. Common Nails • Largest in diameter and have thick heads. • Designed for rough carpentry (like building framing) and are easy to drive without bending.

7. Box Nails • Used wherever common nails might split the wood. • Bend more easily because of the smaller wire used to form them. • Head is thinner and larger in diameter than the common nail. • Sinkers: Box nails which are cement coated • Nail holding power may also be improved by: • Galvanizing, ringing, or threading

8. Casing nails • Same weight as box nails, but have a small, conical head. • Used to attach door and window casings and other wood trim.

9. Finish Nails • The thinnest cross section and the smallest head. • Head is only slightly larger in diameter than the body of the nail. • Slight depression on the top of the head helps keep the nail set from slipping

10. Specialized nails

11. Driving Nail Tips • drive the nail with full swings of hammer using both the wrist and forearm. • Use a swinging motion rather than short jabs. • Use a hammer size to match the size of the nail to be driven.

12. To Avoid Splitting: • Never use a nail larger than needed. • Blunt the point of the nails (turn the nail upside down and hit the point with a hammer) • Do not drive a series of nails in a straight line parallel to the grain. • Never toenail when you can nail straight into the wood. • Toenailing: driving a nail at an angle into the side of a board

13. Wood Screws

14. Wood Screws • Advantages over nails: • Screws hold wood more securely Are • easily tightened or removed. • Leave a neat appearance. • Disadvantages : • more expensive • Require more labor

15. Basic Wood Screws • Have several screw head slot types • straight, • cross (Phillips), • square, • star • Three commonly shaped screw heads are flat, oval, and round.

16. Screw Heads • Flat heads may be countersunk (meaning that the top of the head is flush with the surface of the wood). • Oval headed screws are used mainly to fasten hinges or other finish hardware. • Round headed screws are utility screws and are used where the fastened piece is too thin to permit countersinking.

17. Special Wood Screws • Drive Screw: • Special screw made to be driven with a hammer • One-way screw: • To be tightened with a standard screwdriver but cannot be turned out with the screwdriver • Designed to prevent burglary and theft.

18. Lag Screws • Lag screws, sometimes called lag bolts, are special heavy duty screws made with a square or hex bolt head.

19. Screw Gauges • Screws are sized by length in inches and by diameter. • Gauge Number: Diameter of the screw. • To calculate the gauge number subtract 1/16 inch from the diameter and multiply the result by 80.

20. Actual Size of Common Wood Screws

21. Pilot Hole • Pilot hole: • Hole drilled smaller than screw • Allows easy tightening without danger of splitting the wood.

22. Bolts

23. Bolts • Made of steel with either round, square, or hexagonal heads and threaded shanks. • Stronger than nails or screws, but are more expensive.

24. Stove bolts • Have either flat or round heads that look like wood screws but a threaded shank with a nut like other bolts. • Commonly used with the installation of hinges.

25. Carriage bolts • Have a round head with a square shank which pulls into the wood to hold the top of the bolt while a wrench is used to tighten the nut.

26. Machine bolts • Have either a square or hexagonal head with a nut shape that matches the head shape. • Machine bolts are used with metal and wood.

27. Glue

28. Glue • Can be applied with a • Squeeze bottle, • Brush, or • Paint roller. • Pressure is applied to the glue joint with: • Clamps, nails, screws, or other fasteners. • When the pressure is applied, the glue should ooze out from around the joint.

29. Older Glues • Protein glues. • Glues made from animal or plant parts or products. • Casein glue: Made from milk protein and is a powder that is mixed with water. • Interior water resistant glue.

30. Newer Glues • Newer glues are synthetic glues. • Synthetic glues: Glues made from man-made products. • Examples: • Resorcinol resin glue • Urea-formaldehyde glue • White polyvinyl glue • Aliphatic yellow wood glue • Mastics

31. Resorcinol resin glue: • Waterproof two part liquid and powder mix. • waterproof characteristics for projects exposed to soaking such as boats and outdoor furniture. • Its “pot life” is only three or four hours. • Pot life: Time in which an adhesive can be used after mixing. • The higher the temperature, the shorter the “pot life” and “setting time”. • Setting time: Length of time necessary for the glue to harden or cure

32. Urea-formaldehyde glue • Plastic resin one part powder that you mix with water, as per instruction, just before use. • High water resistance with a pot life of three to five hours. • Popular, easy-to-use glue that hardens quickly when water is added. • Close fit with the need for tight clamping and a nine to thirteen hour setting time are disadvantages.

33. White polyvinyl glue • Elmer’s Glue • Aliphatic yellow wood glue • Basic Wood Glue

34. Mastics • Heavy, pasty type glues or adhesives used for fastening drywall, paneling, and flooring. • Generally applied with a notched trowel or a caulking gun.

35. Hardware

36. Metal Fasteners and Hardware • Should not be installed until the project has been painted. • Come in many different types, styles, and sizes.

37. Hinges • Sold in pairs and serve as a moveable joint between two pieces of wood.

38. Butt Hinges • Have two rectangular leaves usually ranging from one to four inches in length and a connecting pin. • Strap hinges • Have two triangular shaped leaves that vary in size from one to twelve inches in length.

39. T Hinges • Has one butt leaf and one strap leaf. • Continuous Hinge • Also called a piano hinge. • Really a long butt hinge. • It is often used on desk and piano lids.

40. Knobs, Pulls, and Handles • Used to keep doors closed: • Friction catches, • Magnetic catches, and • Hasp/lock combinations

41. Door Locks • May be mortise, cylinder, or rim. • Mortise locks: require a deep mortise or pocket cut in edge of the door for the locking mechanism. • Used primarily with interior doors.

42. Cylinder locks • Involves a 1 1\2 in or 2in hole • Rim Locks • Surface mounted on the inside of a door and are used primarily as night latches or safety locks

43. Miscellaneous Hardware • Include such things as • Doorsteps, • Latches, • Door closures, and • Window sash locks.