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Introduction: Gene Doping

Introduction: Gene Doping. From This To…. This! Gene Doping! A New form of “steroids” for athletes. Gene Doping. The use of Insulin Growth Factor I and Erythropoietin to Enhance Performance. Overview. Background Information

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Introduction: Gene Doping

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  1. Introduction: Gene Doping From This To…

  2. This! Gene Doping! A New form of “steroids” for athletes

  3. Gene Doping The use of Insulin Growth Factor I and Erythropoietin to Enhance Performance

  4. Overview • Background Information • Mechanisms of IGF-I (Insulin Growth Factor I) and EPO (Erythropoietin) • Clinical Trials • Potential Side Effects • Take Home Message

  5. Overview • Gene doping is the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance • Currently banned by WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) • Originated as a means to help individuals suffering from disease • Muscular dystrophy, cancer, defective genes • Injection into the cell, insertion of cells, or by using a virus as a carrier

  6. IGF-I Overview • Use for treating muscle dystrophy • Causes muscle hypertrophy and increased power production with degenerative muscle disease • Attenuate affects of aging • Maintain CSA and Type IIb fiber type • Both thought to be major causes for hospitalization of older individuals

  7. EPO Overview • EPO is a hormone produced by the liver and kidneys which contributes to the production of Red Blood Cells • Endogenous injection of EPO can greatly help individuals that suffer from anemia

  8. Claims/Predictions For Use In Sport • IGF-I has the potential to increase muscle mass in athlete creating a stronger, faster individual • EPO has the potential for athletes to circulate more oxygen and increase cardiac output which can potentially increase time to exhaustion (TTE) and working level of VO2

  9. Mechanism of Action • IGF-I • Muscle is made up of long cylinders with multiple nuclei and cytoplasm consisting of myofibrils • These myofibrils are made up of sarcomeres – the contractile unit of the muscle • Satellite cells manufacture proteins to build/repair these contractile units • Satellite cells respond to IGF-I by undergoing a greater number of cell divisions • This results in muscle hypertrophy which is one of the two mechanisms for increasing muscle strength and size

  10. Mechanism of Action • EPO • EPO is a glycoprotein produced mainly by the kidneys and liver • Usually hypoxia lead to an increase in EPO production and receptors in the bone marrow enhance mitosis and differentiation of RBCs • Recombinant EPO can be injected into a body in a non-state of hypoxia and thus can lead to the same RBC increases • This can potentially increases oxygen carrying capacity

  11. Clinical Trials • Barton-Davis et al (1998) • IGF-I expression in mice found increased muscle size and nuclei density • The interesting conclusion that they made was that the results would probably be used to improve athletic endeavors instead of disease treatment

  12. Clinical Trials • Barton-Davis et al. (1998) – EDL muscle in mice

  13. Clinical Trial • Sweeney (2004)

  14. Clinical Trial

  15. Clinical Trials • Coleman et al (1995) • Transgenic overexpression of IGF-I in mice elicited pronounced hypertrophy in all classes of fibers • Understand that IGF-I is a central growth factor that can result in significant improvements from growth and hypertrophy

  16. Clinical Trials • Birkeland et al (2000) • Randomized, placebo controlled study found that moderate doses of recombinant EPO over four weeks significantly increase VO2 max and ventilation • Audran et al (1999) • 26 days of EPO administration resulted in significantly increased VO2 max, endurance performance, physical work capacity • Potential for creating a physiological advantage

  17. Potential Side Effects • IGF-I • The worry is that such an increase in muscle size will cause muscles to pull of the bone • Scientists suggest that would be a problem in the elderly but not in athletes because athletes would have the time to adapt to meet the new demands • EPO • Increasing RBCs can increase viscosity causing the hearts contracting muscles to work harder and long term use can result in cardiac arrests • 24 deaths have been reported between 1993-2003

  18. In Conclusion • IGF-I • There is no current testing methods of IGF-I supplementation • However, due to the limited testing on human populations, the injection of IGF-I in athletes may have side effects that are currently unknown • Injections requires medical facilities and practitioners

  19. In Conclusion • EPO • Currently the testing for EPO use is highly debatable and no precise testing protocol has been developed • The use of EPO is not recommended because of the risk of increasing the blood’s viscosity which can lead to cardiac arrest • Injections requires medical facilities and practitioners

  20. Questions? Questions? Questions? Questions?

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