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Population of the Earth: 1450-1750

Population of the Earth: 1450-1750. Growth, Decimation, and Relocation. From Experiencing World History (Ch. 14) by Adams et. al. Introduction. 2 phenomena: increase in Eurasian population expansion across world oceans Population expansion in Eurasia China Russia

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Population of the Earth: 1450-1750

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  1. Population of the Earth: 1450-1750 Growth, Decimation, and Relocation From Experiencing World History (Ch. 14) by Adams et. al.

  2. Introduction • 2 phenomena: • increase in Eurasian population • expansion across world oceans • Population expansion in • Eurasia • China • Russia • Old World diseases travel to New World • How do we know?

  3. The Atlantic Crossings: Frontiers by Sea • First population change came from commercial goals that spread diseases • Small group of investors sent small # of sailors • Gaunche of the Canary Islands • Virgin soil epidemics • African slave trade

  4. The Columbian Exchange • Columbus’ voyage - - > biological invasion • 90% of native Americans died during 1st century of contact with Europeans & Africans • No crowd diseases • No animal diseases

  5. The Columbian Exchange • Columbian Exchange: concept historians use to explain what happened when Western civ. reached into the Atlantic and the Americas • Plants, animals, diseases, insects, pests, weeds, people • Transform society and ecosystem of the Americas • 1493 influenza • Brutal Spanish men • 1518 Smallpox (brought by West African slaves; spread from Newfoundland to Brazil)

  6. Plantation Complex • 1550 - plantations were in operation • Many killed by • Disease • Violence • Slavery • Reduced fertility • Increase in suicides, infanticides • Overgrazing • Demographic void by natives filled by Africans • African diseases: yellow fever, deadly malaria

  7. African Migration • In 1600, the Caribbean had @ 80,000 persons compares to 6,000,000 in 1492 • High African/European/Native American mortality • Mixed-parentage descendents became acclimated to the conditions (mestizos) • 95 % of Africans go to the Caribbean & South America; 5% go to North America

  8. Other Population Retreats • Sub-Saharan Africa - - > new crops increased population; slave trade decreased population (slave ships, warfare) = no population growth • Australia/Pacific Oceania - - > late 1700s; decimated by disease • Asians exported as indentured servants

  9. Population Revolutions: Impacts on China • China • Population gains - - > inadequate food supply • 16th C. epidemics • Ming unity and peace - - > population increase • New American foods (maize, peanut, sweet potato) • E. 1600s 1/3 of population lost • Climate change • Political disintegration • 1700 population triples • Early marriage • Reduction in death rates • Climate shifts • Improved hygiene • Use of herbal drugs

  10. Population Revolutions: Impacts on Europe • Population stability in 1650s • Unlike China • Family system – late marriages • Resisted introduction on American foods • 1475-1620 - - > 50% population gain • Urbanization • Agricultural Revolution - - > more livestock feed; increased soil fertility; cultivation • Increased need to agriculture labor • Introduction of corn & potatoes • Lower infant death rate

  11. Asia • India: • cooling trend - - > reduced participation • Diseases • Agriculture and trade • Southeast Asia • Comparatively low growth b/c of fertility • Women restricted third children • Warfare • Japan • Cooling trend • Decreased warfare

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